SEISMORESISTANT BUILDING ARCHITECTURE

BY: Ekta Tripathi -801222004 Divya Chopra-801222003 Priyanka kumari-801222012

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

Earthquake-resistant structures are safe structures designed to withstand earthquake. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fair better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. Earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.

SEISMORESISTANT BUILDING ARCHITECTURE

Rational studies along with the knowledge regarding the performance of building in earthquakes show that the building architecture design would create maladjustment in building elements that would decrease the seismoresistant capacity of building and also become the cause of collapse of building. It is believed that structural analysis in itself is not sufficient to ensure the seismoresistant stability of the buildings. There is a need to design an integral seismoresistant system in which all components of the building can positively interact during the seismic action.

Real compatibility between ARCHITECTURAL and STRUCTURAL DESIGN avoids a stepping of seismo resistant capacity of that building and also provides positive , efficient and integral SEISMIC RESISTANT SYSTEM

 Several studies and recommendations have been carried out to avoid situations affecting negatively the buildings earthquake resistant behavior. These studies enable architects to develop a systematic study and a methodology to be applied to the architectural design of building to optimize earthquake resistant capacity . This study is called SEISMO RESISTANT BUILDING ARCHITECTURE. The SRAS deals with the interaction of each subsystem of the building during seismic shaking , in order that the architectural project does not originate structural maladjustment which would decrease the seismoresistant capacity of the building. MAIN OBJECTIVES OF SRAS 1. To prevent seismo resistance stepping 2. To optimize the seismo resistance

MAJOR ASPECTS INVOLVED IN SEISMORESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. 2. 3. 4. SELECTION OF LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM

BUILDING CONFIGURATION
BASIC DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS

The load resisting system must be of CLOSED LOOPS so that it is able to transfer all the forces acting vertically or horizontally to the ground . BIS has approved 3 major types of lateral load resisting system in code IS 1893 (Part 1) :2002

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS

MOMENT RESISTING FRAME BUILDING WITH SHEAR WALL OR BEARING WALL SYSTEM BUILDING WITH DUAL SYSTEM

1. MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

Moment-resisting frames can be constructed of steel, concrete, or masonry.

Moment frames consist of beams and columns in which bending of these members provides the resistance to lateral forces. This system is generally preferred by architects because they are relatively unobtrusive compared to shear walls or braced frames , but there may be poor economic risk unless special damage control measures are taken

BUILDING WITH SHEAR WALL OR BEARING WALL SYSTEM

Bearing wall systems consist of vertical load carrying walls located along exterior wall lines and at interior locations as necessary. Many of these bearing walls are also used to resist lateral forces and are then called shear walls In general , bearing wall system has comparable low R value since the system lacks redundancy and has a poor inelastic response capacity. This system is not much preferred by the architects.

BUILDING WITH DUAL SYSTEM

This system consist of shear wall (or braced frame) and moment resisting frame such that (1) The two systems are designed to resist the total design force in proportion to their lateral stiffness considering the interaction of the dual system at floor levels. (2) The moment resisting frames are designed to independently resist at least 25% of design sesmic base shear. A dual system comparably has higher value of R. This system is somewhat less restrictive architecturally.

BUILDING CONFIGURATION
Second step in seismo resistant construction is configuration of load resisting systems of buildings. IS 1893 ( part 1):2002 has recommended building configuration system in section 7 for the better performance of building during earthquake. Most important feature in building configuration is its REGULARITY and SYMMETRY in horizontal and vertical plane. Seismic behavior of REGULAR PLANS and IRREGULAR SHAPED PLANS differ IRREGULAR SHAPED PLAN is subjected to their asymmetry and can present local deformation due to presence of reentrant corners or excessive openings. Both effects give origin to undesired stress concentrations in some resisting members of buildings..

 REGULAR SHAPED PLAN i.e. ideal rectangular or square plan , structurally symmetric, with enough in plan stiffness in its diaphragm , presents an ideal behavior because it has same displacement at every point in the slab.
Therefore building shaped like a box , such as rectangular , both in plan and elevation is inherently stronger than the one that is L-shaped or U-shaped, that is building with wings.

IRREGULAR SHAPED PLANS

ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS 1. Extreme heights/depth ratio

STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS

REMEDIAL MEASURES

High overturning forces , large Revise proportion or drift causing non structural special structural damages , foundation stability system

2. Extreme large length/depth ratio

Built up large lateral forces in perimeter , large difference in resistance of two axes Experience greater variations in ground movement and soil conditions

Sub divide building by seismic joints

3.Re-entrant corners

Torsion , stress concentration at the notches

Separate walls , uniform box , centre box , architectural relief , diagonal reinforcement Add bracings , add columns braced

4. Soft story frame Causes abrupt changes of stiffness at piont of discontinuity

ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS 5. Variation in column stiffness

STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS REMEDIAL MEASURES

Causes abrupt changes in stiffness , much higher forces in stiffer columns.

Redesign structural system to balance stiffness

6. Discontinuous shear wall

Results in discontinuities in load path and stress conc. For most heavily loaded elements

Primary concern over the strength of lower level column and connecting beams that support the load of discontinuous frame Add full walls to reduce column forces , use light weight curtain walls with frames

7. Weak columnstrong beam

Column failure occures before beam , short column must try and accommodate storey height displacement

BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
The seismic force exerted on a building are not externally developed forces like wind instead they are the response of cyclic motions at the base of building causing accelerations and hence inertia force. The response is therefore dynamic in nature.

The dynamic properties of the structure such as natural period ,damping and mode shape play a crucial role in determining the response of buildings. Other properties such as ductility, building foundation, response of non-structural elements etc.

MODE SHAPES AND FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD

The vibration of building consists of fundamental mode of vibration and additional contribution of various modes which vibrates at higher frequencies. In low rise building less than 5 storey high the seismic response depends primarily on the fundamental mode of vibration accordingly the period of vibration of this mode expressed in seconds is one of the most representative characteristics of the dynamic response of a building. On the basis of time period building may be classified as T<.3 sec = rigid .3 sec<T<1.0sec = semi-rigid T>1.0 sec = flexible structure

 Building with higher natural frequencies and short natural period tend to suffer higher acceleration but smaller displacement.
Building with lower natural frequencies and long natural period tend to suffer lower acceleration but larger displacement.

BUILDING FREQUENCY AND GROUND PERIOD

Inertial force generated in the building depend upon the frequencies of ground on which the building is standing and the building natural frequency. When these are near or equal to one another the buildings response reaches a peak level. This dynamic amplification effect can increase the building acceleration to a certain value which may double or more than that of ground acceleration at the base of building. Past studies shows that predominant period at a firm ground site is typically in the range .2-.4 sec while the period can reach 2 sec or more on soft ground.

 It is concluded that if the foundation soil is firm, rigid structure will have more unfavorable seismic response than the flexible structures, whereas the seismic response of flexible structure on soft foundation site will less favorable than the rigid structure.

A spectacular example was in Mexico city during 1985 earthquake, which saw enormous damage in medium height buildings of 10-20 storey's ,which have period matching the 2 sec period of earthquake motions in the city centre, while adjacent low rise buildings with much shorter periods were proportionally far less damaged.

DAMPING
Damping is the ability of the structural system to dissipate the energy of the earthquake ground shaking. Since the earthquake ground shaking is inversely proportional to damping. The more damping a building possesses ,the sooner it will stop vibrating which of course highly desirable from the standpoint of earthquake performances. Now-a-days some more advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and construction employ added damping devices like shock absorbers increase damping of the building and so improve its earthquake performance.

DUCTILITY
It is defined as the capacity of the building materials, systems or structures to absorb energy by deforming its elastic range. The primary task of an engineer designing a building to be earthquake resistant is to ensure that building will possess enough ductility. It is possible to build ductile structures with RC if care is taken during designing to provide the joints with sufficient abutments that can adequately confine the concrete thus permitting it to deform plastically without breaking. It is also important for this purpose to ensure that the tension edges of the structure are adequately reinforced and that there are sufficient stirrups to ensure that concrete is properly confined along the compression edge.

FOUNDATION
Major recommendation on structural design must be taken in mind. Foundation should be preferably be designed as continuous (mat or raft) in order to avoid relative horizontal displacement. In case of isolated footing ,they should be joined to each other by means of foundation beams or ties. These ties should be designed such that it will bear tension and compression forces. If different parts of the building are to be structurally independent because of the shape of their ground plan, their foundations should also be independent.

QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

The industrially produced materials used in construction such as cement , reinforcement , brick etc should satisfy minimum standards of quality and resistance. a) Quality of concreteGrade of concrete specified in design documents may not be developed during construction mainly due to Incorrect proportioning. Insufficient mixing which causes segregation. Aggregate with excessive impurities or improper grading. Excessive high w/c ratio.

b)Construction jointA defective concrete joint, which contributed significantly to causing of failure of many building in past earthquake is due to Poor execution of the construction joint/discontinuity. Not located at the points specified by designer Accumulation of sawdust, dust and loose materials at the surface of joint. c) General detailing requirements Proper placing of reinforcement during casting. Improper confinement and large tie spacing especially in plastic hinge region.

 Insufficient confinement and anchorage length at joint. Insufficient concrete cover to reinforcement results resting in reinforcing bar and crack in surface concrete.