Gagandeep Garg ME-IT13-602

If

a fading radio signal is received through only one channel, then in a deep fade, the signal could be lost, and there is nothing that can be done.

It

can result in a loss of signal power without reducing the power of the noise. This signal loss can be over some or all of the signal bandwidth. Various Mitigation Techniques are: Diversity Schemes Channel Equalization Rake receiver

Diversity Schemes

A diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by utilizing two or more communication channels with different characteristics . Exploits random nature of radio propagation by finding independent paths . They minimize fading effects since deep fade seldom occurs during same time interval on two or more paths simultaneously.

Types of Diversity Schemes

Macroscopic Diversity:

Combine two or more long-term lognormal signals obtained via independent fading paths received at two or more different antennas at different base station. Select base station which is not shadowed Combine two or more short-term Rayleigh signals obtained via independent fading paths received at two or more different antennas at same costie. It exploits the rapidly changing signal.

Microscopic diversity:

Macroscopic Diversity

Long term fading occurs in shadow region and causes average power to drop over a long period of time. Macroscopic diversity defeats shadowing by using transmitted and received basestation signals at two different geographical sites. These signals can be used to determine which site is better for communication.

Site B hill

Shadow section For site A

hill For site B Site A Avg. power of signal at two sites Pra=mA(x), Prb=mB(x)

mA(x) & mB(x) are log-normal distributed means. Cell A is selected if mA(x) > mB(x)

Microscopic diversity

Used when two or more uncorelated short-term corelated Rayleigh signals are received with identical long term fading i.e. all signal-paths have to follow same geographical path. Different fading-signals are received from different antennas at same antenna site. Various diversity schemes are 1. Frequency diversity 2. Time diversity 3. Space diversity 4. Polarization diversity

Frequency diversity

Two mobile radio signals separated by two carrier frequencies far apart will be independent. It is implemented by transmitting information on more than one carrier frequency. If the frequency separation > coherence bandwidth then channel will be uncorrelated thus will experience different fades. As two or more different frequencies experience different fading, at least one will have strong signal.

Frequency diversity (contd..)

OFDM modulation and access technique exploits frequency diversity. Frequency diversity consumes extra bandwidth.

Time diversity

Time diversity reception techniques are applicable to the transmission of digital data. Transmission in which signals representing the same information are sent over the same channel at different times. Use coding and interleaving (it breaks the memory of the channel, not all bits of the codeword are likely to fall into a deep fade) It consumes extra transmission time

Time diversity (Contd..)

Delay between replicas > coherence time Produce uncorrelated channels

Thank You!!!