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Meta-Ethics: Meta-Ethical Questions: What Does It Mean To Be Good/bad? What Constitutes The Nature of Being Good or Bad?
Meta-Ethics: Meta-Ethical Questions: What Does It Mean To Be Good/bad? What Constitutes The Nature of Being Good or Bad?
Meta-ethical Questions: What does it mean to be good/bad? What constitutes the nature of being good or bad?
Cognitivism: The view that ethical statements have a truth value. Non-cognitivism: the view that ethical statements do not have a truth value A statement has a truth value if it is either true or false.
Examples
Questions, exclamations, commands Each of these types of sentences does not have a truth value Non-cognitivists hold that ethical statements are like thesethey look like descriptions but they are really not. Example: pleasure is good = pleasure! Goody!
Types of cognitivism
Subjective descriptivism: moral statements describe the psychological state of the person making the judgment. moral relativism: moral statements describe the attitudes of the society or culture the person making the statement is in. Divine command theory: Moral statements describe the attitudes of a deity
Response
Perhaps moral disagreements are not really about people having contradictory beliefs, but about people having conflicting desires. If Sally thinks abortion ought to legal, she desires that abortion be legal. If Beth thinks abortion should not be legal, she desires that abortion be outlawed. Both of these desires cannot be fullfilled.
Another argument
If SD is true, then when Hitler says we ought to exterminate the Jews he is saying something true. But that is absurd.
Therefore, SD is false.
Objectivism
Objectivism is the view that moral statements have a truth value and the truth value does not depend on psychological states of individuals or groups or even God. If objectivism is true, pleasure is good would, if true, describe something about the nature of pleasure itself.
Responses
It is illegitimate to infer from people disagree about x to there is no fact about x Compare: People disagree about whether God exists. Therefore there is no fact of the matter whether God exists or not It may be that the differences are not as great as they seem when it comes to ultimate values: the badness of suffering, the goodness of friendship, etc.
Responses to Mackie
What is wrong with supposing that some qualities can move a person to act? Does not the apprehension of pain, for example, in itself move a person to avoid the painful? There are many objective facts that are also queer in Mackies sense: mathematics and logic, for example.