Case A

Mixed Conditionals
2nd Conditional Clause it wouldnt sound very nice. he would know what to do. [states result] present

If + 3rd Conditional Clause If Sally hadnt tuned her violin If Tom had read the instructions more carefully [states cause or reason] past Conditional Clause If his eyes werent so bad If Anna wasnt so clever [states cause or reason] present If + 2nd

Case B
3rd Conditional Clause he would have seen the road sign. she wouldnt have known how to take my blood pressure. [states result] past

1. To answer to the question why? Why does Sallys violin sound okay? Because she tuned it. Why doesnt Tom know what to do? Because he didnt read the instructions carefully. 2. To express regret or satisfaction in the present for sth that happened in the past. If I hadnt married Tom, I wouldnt be living in Australia.

Uses

3. To express possibilities based on past events. If you had kept the receipt, we would give you your money back. 4. Modals might and could can be used. If I had started my own business ten years ago, I might be better off by now. If she had studied languages at university, she could be a translator.

Wishes about the present & future

I wish [If only] I had a motorbike. = I don't have one now. I wish [If only] I didnt have to carry my identity papers with me everywhere I go. = You have to. I wish [If only] you weren't leaving. = You are leaving. I wish [If only] I could swim further without taking a test. = You cant.

Wishes & Regrets

I wish [If only] + past simple situation youd like to be different I wish [If only] + past simple [not] lack of enthusiasm about an obligation I wish [If only] + past continuous temporary situation youd like to be different I wish [If only] + could regret about a personal lack of ability

Wishes about the present & future

I wish [If only] he would change his mind and marry Jane. = but he wont. I wish [If only] you wouldn't make such a mess. = but you will. I wish [If only] it would stop raining. I wish [If only] + would to criticise annoying habits of others

I wish [If only] + would to criticise annoying habits of others

Wishes about the past

I wish [If only] I hadn't eaten so much. = but you have. I wish [If only] + past perfect to express regrets about the past

Wishes about future events

I wish you a merry Christmas!
I hope it doesn't [won't] rain tomorrow. I hope you['ll] have a lovely time in Portugal (on your holiday next week).

I wish + [adjective] noun to express a matter of fact thought I hope + present / future simple to express regrets about the past

Alternatives to if

It's [high] time + past simple / continuous to point out that you should have already done that I'd rather you didn't Id rather + past simple preference about present actions smoke in here.

It's time we left. It's high time I was going.

I'd prefer it if you didn't go.

I'd rather be a sailor than a soldier. (present) I'd rather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome. (past) I'd prefer tea to coffee. I'd prefer you to go swimming (rather than go jogging). You look as if you're having second thoughts. = He is having second thoughts. He acts as if he were in charge. = He isn't in charge.

Id prefer it + past simple preference about present actions Id rather [Id sooner] + present simple / perfect when comparing nouns or phrases
Id prefer + nouns or infinitives when comparing nouns or phrases As if [though] + present [real conditionals] As if [though] + past [unreal conditionals]