COMPENSATION OF SPECTRAL VARIATIONS IN EDFA BASED OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

Presented by, MAHESH KUMAR R B1MTEC2307

Guided by, Mrs. SINDHU N. APECE,GECW

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Optical amplifiers 2.1 Need 2.2 Classes 2.3 Types 3. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers 3.1 Structure 3.2 Advantages 4. Spectral variations in EDFA 4.1 Overview 4.2 Timing Jitter 5. Modulation formats used 5.1 Return to Zero 5.2 Non Return to Zero 5.3 Carrier Suppressed Return to Zero

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Contents(cont.)
6. Thesis Phases 7. Project work 7.1 Works 7.2 Block diagram and Simulation setup 8. Results and Inference 8.1 For NRZ 8.2 For RZ 9.Future works References

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Introduction
Fiber

Optics communication: Signals are transmitted as light

Transmitters and receivers convert signals from electrical to optical format and back

Advantages of optical communication: Higher bandwidth (extremely high data transfer rate). Less signal degradation. Data Security Less costly per meter. Lighter and thinner then copper wire. Lower transmitter launching power. Less susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Flexible use in mechanical and medical imaging systems Eg. Information Super Highway systems

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Optical Amplifiers
Transmission

of signals over long distances (>100 km) requires compensation for attenuation losses within the fiber. was accomplished with an optoelectronic module consisting of an optical receiver, a regeneration and equalization system, and an optical transmitter to send the data Regenerator Systems

Initially this

Functional limitations of

To replace this regenerator system Optical Amplifier was introduced

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Optical amplifiers
Three classes[4] 1. Booster amplifier 2. Inline amplifier 3. Pre amplifier Types[3] 1. Semiconductor 2. Rare earth doped 3. Hybrid

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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers(EDFA)

Inline amplifier DFA with fibre core

doped with erbium ions [6]

Three basic components[7] Length of erbium doped fiber Pump laser Wavelength selective coupler Advantages of EDFA [4][6][7][8] High gain Large bandwidth Less noise effect
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Spectral Variations in EDFA[3]

As

a result of ASE noise Eg. Timing jitter, Dispersion effects, intensity noise etc Dispersion effects are normally neglected in analysis

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Spectral Variations in EDFA(cont.)

Timing Jitter[3] Short term timing variation of optical pulses from its ideal position Jitter frequency > 10Hz Result in Bit Error Decision points of pulses get shifted away from the original position

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Modulation formats used[3][1]

First

step in design of OC system is to convert electrical signal into optical stream of pulses By using modulation formats Eg. RZ, NRZ, Raised cosine RZ, CSRZ etc

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Modulation formats used(cont.)

Return to Zero (RZ) each optical pulse representing bit 1 is shorter than the bit slot, and its amplitude returns to zero before the bit duration is over Very good performance at higher frequencies

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Modulation formats used(cont.)

Non Return to Zero (NRZ) The optical pulse remains on throughout the bit slot and its amplitude does not drop to zero between two or more successive 1 bits. Pulse width varies depending on the bit pattern Good performance at lower frequencies

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Modulation formats used(cont.)

Carrier Suppressed Return to Zero (CSRZ) Combines the advantages of both RZ and NRZ Suitable for both high and low frequency systems Complexity in full implementation

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Thesis phases
Phase

I: Literature Survey Phase II: Comparison Of Rz And Nrz Performance Phase III: Optimized Results For Compensation Of Spectral Variations in EDFA Phase IV: Compilation Of Report For Thesis Work

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Project work
To

model time jitter for different frequencies in an OC system using EDFA Compensate for the jitter by the use of various modulation formats Finding an optimum value of quality factor, BER, no. of EDFAs to be used for a particular length of fiber for the modeled jitter frequency by using the potential of CSRZ

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Block diagram

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Simulations done

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Results and Inference

For 10 Gbps WDM systems

The performance of NRZ is found to be greater compared to RZ

Quality factor NRZ 11.35 BER 3.4 e-30

RZ

5.50

1.68 e-8

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Results and Inference (cont.)

For 20 Gbps WDM systems The performance of RZ is found to be greater compared to NRZ
Quality Factor NRZ RZ 3.72 4.50 BER 9.71e-5 3.37e-6

As the frequency increases the performance of NRZ degrades and that of RZ got enhanced
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Future works
Modeling

of jitter for different frequency values Applying modeled jitter and proper combination of modulation format obtain an optimized results that compensates spectral variations Repeating the previous step for different cascades of EDFAs at a particular fiber length

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Reference
[1] R. Maheshkumar and N. Sindhu, Compensation of Spectral Loss Variations in Erbium Doped fiber amplifier based optical communication,IIEEE J.Technol, vol. 1,issue 3, pp. 3133, March 2013

[2] Chris Xu, Xiang Liu, and Xing Wei, Comparison of return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying and on-off keying in ling-haul dispersion managed transmission, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 617-619, April 2003
[3] A. Richter, D. Ingenieur, A. Berlun, V. Von, Timing Jitter in Long Haul WDM RZ systems,Berlin university,June 2010 [4] S. Singh, R. S. Kaler, Performance evaluation of hybrid optical amplifiers for WDM systems Thapar university, July 2010 [5] U. Kaur, R.S.Kaler, Performance analysis of transient aspects for EDFA,Thapar university, July 2010 [6] P. K. Shafeena and N. Sindhu, Gain flattening in Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Based Optical Communication-A Review,IIEEE J.Technol, vol. 1,issue 3, pp. 50-55, March 2013
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References(cont.)
[7] Harsha Thomas and N. Sindhu, Study of Techniques to Control Power Transients in Optical WDM Networks A Review ,IIEEE J.Technoll, vol. 1,issue 3, pp. 56-60, March 2013 [8] J. W. Kim et. al., Large scale timing distribution and RF synchronization for FEL facilities, FEL Conference 2004, Trieste, Italy, 2004. [9] Giles C.R., Desurvire E., Modelling Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers, Journal of Lightwave Technology Letters, Vol. 9, No 2, 271-283, 1991

[10] Manjit singh, Ajay K.Sharma, R.S. Kaler Optimizing 10 Gbps optical communication system with duty cycle selection of return to zero pulse, Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, Volume 119, Issue 8, 16 June 2008, Pages 359-364.
[11] J. P. Gordon, and H. A. Haus, Random walk of coherently amplified solitons in optical fiber transmission, Opt. Letters, vol. 11, pp. 665667, 1986 [12] Peter J. Winzer, and Rene-Jean Essiambre, Advanced optical modulation formats, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94, pp. 952-985, 2006. [13] www.optisystem.com/products/tutorials
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Government's national broadband initiative should ensure that fiber optic broadband be deployed to provide the highest-quality service to all Indians, including those in lower-income and other underserved communities in both rural an urban areas. Such communities should not be accorded second-class status by means a relatively cheap and quick wireless solution when a far superior fiber optic broadband solution is readily available. While installing fiber optic broadband is initially more expensive than wireless, due largely to the excavation costs involved in laying fiber optic cable underground, the jobs such a national effort would create and the long-term benefits that result from building this infrastructure now far surpass any short-term gains from a reliance on wireless to close the "digital divide

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Reliability Wireless technologies are constrained by inherent performance limitations that do not apply to fiber optic broadband. Wireless broadband networks, whether licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (e.g., Verizon, AT&T, SprintNextel/Clearwire and T-Mobile) or unlicensed by the FCC (e.g., WiFi), use microwave radiation to transmit and receive their signals. Radio signals can be blocked by buildings, trees and other objects, and transmission quality is even subject to atmospheric conditions. Many WiFi networks operate in unlicensed bands of the spectrum and use the same carrier frequency as cordless phones, microwave ovens, and other consumer devices, and are therefore even more subject to interference problems than licensed wireless networks. Fiber optic technology presents none of these problems. In fact, network traffic moves across fiber optic cables in a manner that makes it even less susceptible to interference from other data traveling along the same fiber cables than other wired technologies (e.g., copper or co-axial cables).

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Speed and Capacity

Wireless broadband network speeds are significantly slower than fiber optic networks. In addition, the greater the number of users accessing a wireless access point at a given time, the greater is the degradation of service experienced by those users. The current industry standard for fiber optic broadband is 10 Gigabits per second (GB/s or billion bits per second) per fiber optic pair. Bonding multiple 10 GB/s fiber pairs is possible to produce even faster channels. By contrast, the present theoretical maximum speed for an 802.11n dedicated wireless access point is 150 Megabits per second (MB/s or million bits per second). In other words, the standard fiber optic connection for current commercial desktop usage is over 66 times faster than its wireless counterpart.

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Security

Wireless networks are more expensive and difficult to secure than wired fiber optic networks and are therefore vulnerable to hacking, identity theft, national security threats, and unauthorized surveillance of users. Unlike wired fiber optic networks, wireless networks can be subject to attack wherever a signal is present. Although encryption makes such attacks more difficult, encryption methods do not eliminate this problem. For those with the interest and technical ability (e.g., individual hackers, criminal organizations, and national governments, both foreign and domestic), wireless signals are easily intercepted, tapped, eavesdropped upon, and used as platforms to launch malicious attacks on users.

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Environmental Impacts
Wireless networks entail the installation of unsightly cell tower and intrusive wireless facilities in residential neighborhoods and scenic areas. Concerns that arise when these types of facilities are proposed for communities include reduction in property values, destruction of views, and adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Installing a high capacity fiber-to-the-premises broadband network throughout the U.S. is an investment in superior technology for the long-term benefit of all Americans that moves away from a relatively short-term, disposable wireless infrastructure that must be continually upgraded and modified.
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WORKS DONE-I

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WORKS DONE-II

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WORKS DONE-III

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WORKS DONE-IV

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WORKS DONE-V

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