Topic 4 TIMERS

555 TIMER
555 timer is an integrated circuit that very stable. Use as monostable multivibrator, astable multivibrator, bistable mode, buffer, analog square wave signal generator, achometer frequency meter and others

Pin Configuration

Pin Configuration
1 pin bumi (ground ) 2 - pin picu ( trigger ) 3 - pin output 4 - pin reset 5 - pin control voltage 6 - pin threshold voltage 7 pin discharge 8 pin supply voltage (vcc)
4

Function of Each Pin configuration

PIN 1 : GROUND -all the measure voltage must refer to this pin PIN 2 : TRIGGER Timer output refer to trigger amplitude pulse supply to this pin Output is LOW if voltage at pin > 2/3 Vcc When negative trigger pulse is 1/3 Vcc, output at comparator 2 cause the timer output HIGH
5

Function of Each Pin configuration

PIN 3 : OUTPUT Output can connect at 2 output pin, pin 3 and pin 1 or pin 3 and pin 8. When output LOW, current will flow through load that connected between pin 3 and pin 8 to output terminal, know as SINK CURRENT. Current flow through load that connected between pin 3 and pin 1, known as SOURCE CURRENT. Maximum current for source current and sink current si 200mA.
6

Function of Each Pin configuration

PIN 4 : RESET

Reset with negative pulse When the reset pin is not used, the pin is connected to +Vs to avoid false trigger.
PIN 5 : CONTROL VOLTAGE

Normally is connected to earth through 0.01F capacitor If output voltage is connected to pin 5, the output waveform bandwidth can be changed. 0.01F capacitor can avoid from noise problem.
7

Function of Each Pin configuration

PIN 6 : THRESHOLD VOLTAGE Input for inverting pin at comparator 1 When voltage at this pin 2/3 Vcc, output at comparator 1 is HIGH, output timer LOW.

Function of Each Pin configuration

PIN 7 : DISCHARGE This pin is connected internally to collector at transistor Q1. When output HIGH, Q1 OFF, circuit open When output LOW, Q1 saturated, capacitor C discharge through Q1. PIN 8 : SUPPLY VOLTAGE, Vcc +5 V to 18V
9

555 Timer Internal Circuit

10

The application of timers in electronic equipment

able to generate a delay time from microseconds to hours basically operate in 2 mode, astable and monostable mode work cycle can be adjusted excellent temperature stability (0.005%/ celcius)

11

Monostable Multivibrator

12

Monostable Multivibrator
Know as shoot multivibrator Producing a single pulse when triggered Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer Monostable multivibrator is stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
13

Operation
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.

14

Operation
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.

15

Operation
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW, At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.

16

Output waveform

17

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

18

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Known as free running multivibrator. Producing a square wave This type of timer do not have stable condition, the condition always change. Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output

19

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.

20

Operation
Assume the initial is HIGH. Transistor Q1 OFF and capacitor is charging through resistor RA and RB. When capacitor voltage reach 2/3 Vee, Comparator 1 will trigger flip flop and output change from change from HIGH to LOW. Resistor RB and transistor Q1.

21

Operation
When the capacitor voltage reach 1/3 Vee, comparator output 2 will trigger flip flop so the timer output is HIGH. The cycle is repeated.

22

Operation
Period for capacitor charging from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc same as period for HIGH output at timer. Period for capacitor discharging from 2/3Vcc to 1/3 Vcc same as period for LOW output at timer

23

Output waveform

24

Formulas
TH = 0.693 (RA+RB) C TL = 0.693 (RB) C

Period, T = TH + TL = 0.693 (RA + 2RB) C Frequency, f = 1/T = 1/ (TH + TL) = 1.44 / ((RA + 2RB) C)
25

Formulas
% Duty Cycle = [TH / (TH + TL) ]x 100 = [(RA + RB) / (RA + 2RB)] x 100

26

Bistable mode
A simple memory which can be set and reset. The circuit is called a bistable because it is stable in two states: output high and output low. It is also known as a 'flip-flop'.

27

Bistable mode
It has two inputs: Trigger (555 pin 2) makes the output high. Trigger is 'active low', it functions when < 1/3 Vs. Reset (555 pin 4) makes the output low. Reset is 'active low', it resets when < 0.7V.

28

Bistable circuit

29

Operation
R1 and R7 are the collector load resistors. Voltage dividers R1, R2, and R5 provide forward bias for Q2; R7, R6, and R3 provide forward bias for Q1. These resistors also couple the collector signal from one transistor to the base of the other. Observe that this is direct coupling of feedback. This type of coupling is required because the circuit depends on input triggers for operation, not on RC time constants inside the circuit. Both transistors use common emitter resistor R4 which provides emitter coupling. C1 and C2 couple the input triggers to the transistor bases.
30

Circuit

31

Output

32

Buffer Schmitt trigger

The buffer circuit's input has a very high impedance (about 1M ) so it requires only a few A, but the output can sink or source up to 200mA. This enables a high impedance signal source (such as an LDR) to switch a low impedance output transducer (such as a lamp).

33

Buffer Schmitt trigger

It is an inverting buffer or NOT gate because the output logic state (low/high) is the inverse of the input state: Input low (< 1/3 Vs) makes output high, +Vs Input high (> 2/3 Vs) makes output low, 0V When the input voltage is between 1/3 and 2/3 Vs the output remains in its present state. This intermediate input region is a deadspace where there is no response, a property called hysteresis, it is like backlash in a mechanical linkage. This type of circuit is called a Schmitt trigger.

34

Buffer Schmitt trigger

If high sensitivity is required the hysteresis is a problem, but in many circuits it is a helpful property. It gives the input a high immunity to noise because once the circuit output has switched high or low the input must change back by at least 1/3 Vs to make the output switch back.

35

Schmitt trigger
A Schmitt trigger is a device that produces rectangular wave signals.Its primary function is to convert sine waves or arbitrary waveforms into crisp square shaped signals. The Schmitt trigger also has an operational function called hysterisis.

36

Schmitt trigger
This function means that the switching threshold on a positive going input is at a higher voltage level than the switching threshold on a negative going signal. A device with hysterisis capabilities is identified with this symbol.

37

Symbol Schmitt trigger

38

Schematic diagram of Schmitt trigger

39

Operation
The resistors R1+R2 and R4 will perform a voltage divider. The output from this voltage divider will determine the state of the transistor Q2. As the input voltage is increased, a very small current will start flowing through Q1. This will have a result on the base voltage of Q2 that it will gradually be decreased, and also the emitter voltage of Q2 will be decreased. But the emitters of Q1 and Q2 are connected together..
40

Operation
Therefore, the voltage difference VBE of Q1 will be increased. There will be a point that the current flowing through Q1 will be very high, and the Q2 will be sent to cutoff. When the Q2 is to cut-off area, no current flows through it and thus, the output voltage is the power supply voltage.

41

Application of Schmitt trigger

1.squaring circuit 2.sine-to-square comparater 3.amplitude comparater 4. as flip flops

42

Input and output waveform

43