Science

Form 3
Chapter 4 : Reproduction
4.9 Pollination
Group members :
Nadia Binti Zulkifli(leader)
Fatin Syahindah Binti Daud
Siti Mardiana Binti Mohd Saini
Siva Letchumi a/p Tamil Selvan
Nur Hazirah Binti Nordin
Nur Shafika Binti Aripin
Pollinatio
n
4.9 Pollination
 Pollination is the process of transferring ripe pollen from
the anther to stigma.
 There are two type of pollination :
1) Self-pollination – take place when the pollen from the
anther of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the
same flower or another flower on the same plant.
Polen Pollen transferred
transferred to another flower
to stigma of of same plant
same flower
anther anther

stigma
stigma
2) Cross-pollination- the transfer of pollen of a flower to the
stigma of another flower on different plant of the same
species.
pollen

stigma

anther
Table 4.9.1 Comparison between sel-pollination and cross pollination
Self-pollination
Involves only one plant
Requires one or two flowers from
the same plant
If it involves one flower, both the
anther and stigma must mature at
the same time. If it involves two
flowers, the anther and stigma
can mature at different times
Less variety in new plants
Cross-pollination
Involves two plants of the same
species
Requires two flowers from the
different plant of the same
species
The anther and stigma can mature
at different times
More variety in new plants
4.9.1 Pollinating agents
 Agents of pollination include organisms or media that transfer
the pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
 Agents of pollination include humans and animals, wind and water.
 The structure of flowers have certain characteristics to
promote pollination.
4. Wind
 Is a pollinating agent for most monocotyledonous plant,
like maize, grass and paddy.
 Wind-pollinated flowers usually :
 white or light in colour, small, have no smell and no
nectar.
 Have long filaments to expose the pollen to wind.
 Produce plenty of small, light and smooth pollen.
 The styles and stigma are long. The stigma is feathery
to trap the pollen carried by the wind.
1. Insects
 Attracted by big, colourful and scented flowers.
 When insect lands on the flower to suck nectar for food,
pollen sticks to the hairy legs and body of insect.
 When insect lands on another flower to collect food, the
pollen may drop off and stick on the stigma of that flower.
 Insect-pollinated flowers :
 Produce small amounts of pollen.
 Such pollen is big, sticky, heavy and rough.
 Their style are short and the stigma has sticky surface.
1. Animals
 Pollinate flower when they suck nectar from the flowers.
 Such flowers are usually big, colourful, scented, and produce
rough and sticky pollen.
 The pollen sticks to the beak or body of the animals.
 When animals such a bird sucks out nectar with its long and
pointed beak, pollen sticks to the beak.
1. Water
o Is a pollinating agent for water plants like Elodea and
Hydrilla.
o The flower floats on water surface.
o The water carries the pollen from the pollen from the
anther to the stigma.
Elodea Hydrilla
Table 4.9.2 Comparison between wind and insect pollinated flowers
Wind-pollinated flower
Small, pale coloured, not scented,
no nectar
Long filament with big anther at
the end, filament sways in the
wind and pollen disperses
Plenty of small, light and smooth
pollen
Long style
Long and feathery stigma
Insect-pollination flower
Big, brightly coloured, scented,
nectar present
Short filament and small anther at
the end
Big, rough, sticky and less amount
of pollen
Short style
Short and sticky stigma
The Advantage Of Cross-pollination
 New varities of plants
 Healthier plants which can adapt better to changes in
invironment
 Healthier seeds
 New plants that are more resistant to pest and diseases
Use Of Cross-pollination In Agriculture
 Human act as pollinating agent; widely used in the field of
agriculture to produce better and higher quality crops.
 In Malysia, the various agricultural agencies like the
Malayan Agriculture Research and Development Institute
(MARDI) and the alaysian Palm Oil Bord (MPOB) are
responsible for carrying out research to increase the
quantity and qualiti of agricultural products.
 Among the new crop plants produce by cross-pollination are
oil palm, maize plants and papaya plants.
Thank You!