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Waves and Sound: Wave Characteristics
Waves and Sound: Wave Characteristics
Wave Characteristics
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Definition of wave
A periodic disturbance which travels through a medium from one point in space to the others.
TYPES OF WAVES
Waves are classified into different types according to their natures :
WAVES
Mechanical waves
Transverse waves
Electromagnetic waves
Transverse waves
Longitudinal waves
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Electromagnetic Waves
Material medium is not essential for propagation. e/m waves travel through vacuum. Disturbance of electric and magnetic fields traveling through space. All electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.
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Electromagnetic Waves
No Medium Required Travels At The Speed Of Light 3 X 108 m/s in a vacuum Cannot Be Observed
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Matter Waves
Matter is in the form of particles. Energy is in the form of waves. Energy can be quantized and matter can have a wavelength. Matter displays wavelike properties.
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Mechanical Waves
Transverse waves cause the medium to move perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Longitudinal waves cause the medium to move parallel to the direction of the wave. Surface waves are both transverse waves and longitudinal waves mixed in one medium. (Such as water waves) Torsional waves produce a twisting motion through the medium such as the ones which caused the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
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Transverse Wave
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Transverse Waves
These waves cause particles of a medium to vibrate perpendicular to the direction of motion
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Longitudinal Waves
These waves cause medium to vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of motion.
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Longitudinal Waves
Speaker membrane expands, creating a region where the air molecules are packed closely together, a "condensation". The air pressure in a condensation is higher than normal.
As the membrane moves back, a region is left behind where few molecules are located, a "rarefaction". Meanwhile, the condensation moves forward.
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Surface Waves
Waves out on the ocean's surface are a combination of transverse and longitudinal waves. The wave height is the distance from a trough to a peak and the wavelength is the peak to peak distance. When the wave height is 1/7 the wavelength the wave breaks.
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Period: T
The PERIOD is the time for a particle of the medium to complete one oscillation. The SI unit for period is the second
Frequency: f
The FREQUENCY of is the number of cycles per unit time. The frequency of a wave is equal to the number of waves that pass a particular point in one second. The unit is Hertz (Hz) which is a cycle per second. FREQUENCY is also the reciprocal of the period.
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1 T f
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1 f T
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Amplitude: A
The AMPLITUDE of a wave is the maximum distance of a particle from the equilibrium position. The SI unit for amplitude is meter
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Amplitude: A
The energy content of a wave is indicated by the amplitude. Two waves of the same frequency can have different amplitudes. The greater the amplitude, the more work a wave can do. Amplitude does not affect wavelength, frequency or velocity
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Wavelength:
The WAVELENGTH of a wave is the length of one complete cycle. It is the distance between two consecutive in phase points. In phase points are those that are moving in step with each other.
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Comparing waves
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Wave Velocity
The speed of a wave is the product of the waves frequency and wavelength. The speed does not depend on amplitude or frequencyit depends on the properties of the medium. Sound waves depend on temperature of the air and water waves depend on depth of water.
v f
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Do you remember..?
4. The periodic wave in the diagram below has a frequency of 40. hertz. What is the speed of the wave? a. 13 m/s b. 60. m/s c. 27 m/s d. 120 m/s
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More to remember..
Austin drops a stone into a dry well 175 m deep. How long, after he drops the stone, does he hear it hit the bottom of the shaft? The speed of sound waves is 340 m/s. Assume g = 10 m/s/s
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Warm up
Sitting on the beach I notice the waves motion . I see a crest pass me every 2 seconds. The crests are 3 meters apart. What is the waves velocity?
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Reflection of Waves
A traveling wave is reflected when it hits a barrier. This phenomenon can easily be observed when a traveling water wave hits a reflector in the ripple tank.
Reflector Reflected waves
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Law of Reflection
When an incident wave encounters a boundary at an angle, , from the normal, its reflected wave will be reflected at the same angle from the normal.
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Do you remember???
What is a boundary? What determines the speed of a wave? What happens to a wave hitting a boundary? How do you know if a wave will reflect erect or inverted? What does not change at a boundary? What must change at a boundary?
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Refraction
Refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another medium of different propagation speed.
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Refraction of Waves
The speed of a water wave increases with depth.
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Diffraction
Diffraction is the spreading of a wave disturbance around and beyond the edge of a barrier. When a traveling water wave hits an obstacle, the wave fronts spreads out round the edge and becomes curved.
Superposition Principle
Wave interference occurs when two or more waves act simultaneously on a medium. Whenever two or more waves pass through each other, the resulting disturbance at a given point in the medium may usually be found by adding the individual displacements that each wave would have caused. (Principle of Superposition)
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Principle of Superposition
The displacement of a medium caused by two or more waves is the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual waves. When colliding waves combine (add) the result can either be bigger or smaller than the original waves. The waves add constructively or destructively depending on the relative sign of each wave.
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Constructive Interference
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Constructive Interference
Occurs when wave displacements are in phase. Two waves combine to create a larger wave.
Constructive interference occurs when the waves are trying to displace the medium in the same direction. More than one wave can occupy the same space at the same time.
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Destructive Interference Occurs when wave displacements are opposite in phase. One wave cancels the other out.
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Destructive Interference
When these two waves are completely overlapping, there will be complete destructive interference. Destructive interference occurs when the waves are trying to displace the medium in opposite directions.
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Standing Waves
Waves traveling in opposite directions, with the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, produce a standing wave.
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