C u l t u re

g y a n d
Soc io l o
iewer
T Re v
P N U LE
e:
Sourc
Definition
Science of society and the social interactions
taking place in that society

Study of human society: origin, growth,

structure, function, customs, traditions, group
life and institutions
Auguste Comte
1798-1857

“Father of Sociology”

Positive Philosophy (6 vol. 1842)

Sociological Models
Structural-Functional Model

Conflict

Interactionist
Sociological Theories
Evolutionist – society develops interdependent
with the environment

Exchange – rewards and cost exchange

Sociological Research
Kinds:

a. Basic – development of empirically based

theory

b. Applied – concerned with evaluation and

action
Levels of Analysis
Individual

Group

Stuctural
Research Process
Defining the Problem

Gathering of the Data

Analysis

Verification
Society
System of interacting individuals and
interrelated groups sharing a common culture
and teritory

Group of people living together recognizing

and following certain way of life
Social Structure
Patterned and recurrent social relationships
Forms:
3. Primary – family, friends, work
4. Purposely organized – voluntary orgs
5. Territorial – city, community, neighborhood
6. Latent – sex and race
Social Groups
Primary and Secondary

Gemeinsschaft and Gesellschaft

In-group and Out- group

Informal and Formal

Socialization
Elements:
Culture, Biology, Interaction
Agencies:
Family, Peers, Church, School, Mass media,
Work
Social interaction – various action in a social
situation
Social Order
Filling of expected roles

Status – position occupied by age, birth,

marriage, occupation, achievement

Ascribed Status

Achieved Status
Social Processes
Cooperation

2. Assimilation - blend

3. Acculturation - adapt

4. Amalgamation - intermarriage

Competition and Conflict

Culture
Shared beliefs, norms and values acquired
through social learning

Components:

3. Material

4. Non-Material
Characteristics of Culture
Learned

Group product

Transmitted from generations

Adaptive

Varied
Issues
Cultural Variability – variety of solutions

Cultural Integration – no contradictions

Cultural Relativity – examination in relation to

other elements

Ethnocentrism – eval. through familiar and

shared thinking and acting
Filipino Society
Asian/Oriental Culture and Wester/Occidental
Culture

Kinship Group

Personalistic View of the Universe

Deviance
Violation of group norms

Components: Act, Actor, Situation and

Audience

Social Control

- Social environment that have

effects/directing/restricting the attitude and
behavior
Structures of Inequality
Social Stratification
- Hierarchy based on wealth, power, prestige
3. Caste
4. Social Class
Formal Organization – goal-oriented
Bureaucracy – competence and expertise
governed by rules and impersonal relation
Gender Inequality
Sex and Gender

Factors that define Gender Roles:

1. Biological

2. Cultural Tradition

Social Change: Feminism

Racial and Cultural
Minorities
Ethnic Minorities – defined by national origin,
language and cultural patterns different from
the dominant group

Problems: prejudice, segregation, expulsion,

genocide

Means of minimizing: Accomodation and

Cultural Pluralism
Institutions
Cluster of norms associated with important
Social activities

Bases of order
 Family
Structure Functions:
Membership: Nuclear and regulates sexual
Extended behavior
Descent: Patrilineal, Matrinlineal, biological maintenance
Bilateral
socialization agent
Residence: Patrilocal, Matrilocal;
Neolocal, Bilocal social control
Authority: Patriarchal, Matriarchal, gives member status
Egalitarian
econ, educ,
recreactional, religious,
politacal functions
Economic
Classificaions:
2. Agriculture or industrial
3. Subsistence or mechanized
4. Underdeveloped or developed
5. Captitalistic or communisitic
Components: property, technology, division of
labor, organization of work
Religious
Functions: 5. Social control

2. Peace of mind 6. Welfare and recreational

function
3. Allays fears and
anxieties 7. Regulates value system

4. Anchorage 8. Solidarity

5. Guidance *Religious Pluralism

Political
Influence – ability to affect political process
Authority – legitimate exercise of power
Types:
4. Totalitarianism
5. Colonialism
6. Democracy
*Political Participation and Political Socialization
Educational
Social Function
2. Transmit culture
3. Prepare position in society
4. Change agent
Social Goals – influenced by philosophy and
policies of gov’t – educational system
Teacher and Student Subcultures
Challenges:beliefs and values
Modern Society
Urban

City – lack of cultural cohesiveness, settled

territories, non-agri pursuits

Metropolitan Areas – extends far beyond the

legal city limits
Urban Lifestyle
Complex Interaction Patterns – enormous
number of social relationships

Exposure to unconventional norms – size and

diversity

Future: requirement of new set of econ and

political relationship with the suburbs
Population
Demography – analysis of population by size
and number of people, territorial distribution,
social characteristics (occupation, marital stat,
birth and death rates)
Population Growth – fertility, mortality
migration
Future - Higher population: Higher Demand
Issues: Abortion and Fertility