VIDYAA VIKAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

A NEW RECTIFIER STAGE TOPOLOGY FOR HYBRID POWER GENERATION

GUIDE,
Mr. P. HARI KUMAR, Asst. Professor, EEE Department.

BATCH MEMBERS,
S.M. RAJESHWARAN (080106618031), V. SRIDAR (080106618042), D. MAHALINGAM (090406618007), S. PRASAD (090406618012).

ABSTRACT
This project presents a new system configuration of the front-end

rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This

configuration allows the two sources to supply the load depending on the availability of the energy sources. The converter used here is Cuk-SEPIC. The inherent nature of Cuk-SEPIC fused converter is additional input filters are not necessary to filter out high frequency harmonics since harmonic content is damaging for the generator lifespan, heating issues, and efficiency. It improves the efficiency of the system which is the main demerit of the present system. So, the proposed system is more efficient to meet the power demand.

EXISTING SYSTEM
The structure at present is booster converter at rectifier stage.

The systems at present requires passive input filters to remove the high frequency current harmonics injected into wind turbine generators. There would be less life for battery since it depends only on battery.

Disadvantages
Only booster converter is present Higher harmonic injection Needs extra filter circuits Energy have to be stored in battery before utilization

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The structure proposed is a fusion of the buck and buck-boost converter.

The inherent nature of these two converters eliminates the need for separate input filters and power factor correction circuits. This system will increase the life span.

Advantages
Cuk-SEPIC converter works in buck as well as buck- boost mode. No need of separate filters The converter itself reduces harmonics. Load can be driven directly from source.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
SOLAR

WIND

RECTIFIER

DC-DC CONVERTER

INVERTER

LOAD

DRIVER CIRCUIT BATTERY POWER SUPPLY MICROCONTROLLER

DRIVER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CUK-SEPIC CONVERTER

CUK-SEPIC CONVERTER WHILE ONLY WIND (SEPIC MODE)

CUK-SEPIC CONVERTER WHILE ONLY SOLAR (CUK MODE)

INDUCTOR WAVE FORMS

OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Final expression that relates the average output voltage and the two input sources (VW and VPV) is given by equations below. (1 +2 )1 + 2 2 1 + 1 2 = 0 =
1 12

1 +

2 12

It is observed that Vdc is simply the sum of the two output voltages of the Cuk and SEPIC converter. Thus Vdc can be controlled by d1 and d2 individually or simultaneously.

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

By incorporating maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, the system power transfer efficiency can be improved significantly. To describe a wind turbines power characteristic, The equation below describes the mechanical power that is generated by the wind.
3 = 0.5

where,

= mechanical power, = air density, = power co-efficient function, = Tip speed ratio, = pitch angle, = wind speed.

OUTPUT CURVES OF PV AND WIND

PV ARRAY

WIND MILL

WHY MPPT?
By adjusting the output current (or voltage) of the PV array, maximum power from the array can be drawn. By controlling rotational speed, (by means of adjusting the electrical loading of the turbine generator) maximum power can be obtained for different wind speeds.

Due to the similarities of the shape of the wind and PV array power curves, a similar maximum power point tracking scheme known as the hill climb search (HCS) strategy is applied to extract maximum power. The HCS strategy perturbs the operating point of the system and observes the output.

FLOW CHART FOR MPPT

Measure control variable
CONTROL VARIABLE NO

Reference reached
YES

Power measurement Pcurrent Store Pcurrent as Pprevious -apply no changes

NO

|Pcurrent Pprevious| > threshold

YES

Decrease reference Proportional to power change

Increase reference Proportional to power change

Store Pcurrent as Pprevious

YES

YES

Reference previously increased

YES

Change in power positive?

NO

Reference previously increased

NO

NO

Decrease reference proportional power to power change

Increase reference proportional to power change

DC-DC CONVERTERS
Earlier, dc-dc converters were called choppers. Buck converter (dc-dc) is called as step-down chopper, whereas boost converter (dc-dc) is a step-up chopper. Features of a buck converter are Pulsed input current, requires input filter. Continuous output current results in lower output voltage ripple. Output voltage is always less than input voltage. Features of a boost converter are Continuous input current, eliminates input filter. Pulsed output current increases output voltage ripple. Output voltage is always greater than input voltage. Features of a buck - boost converter are Pulsed input current, requires input filter. Pulsed output current increases output voltage ripple Output voltage can be either greater or smaller than input voltage.

CUK-SEPIC CONVERTER
Cuk converter is actually the cascade combination of a boost and a buck converter. The Buck converter may consequently be seen as a Voltage to Current converter, the Boost as a Current to Voltage converter, the Buck-Boost as a Voltage-Current-Voltage and the CUK as a Current- Voltage-Current converter. Advantages. Continuous input current. Continuous output current. Output voltage can be either greater or less than input voltage.

CUK-SEPIC CONVERTER
The SEPIC officially stands for Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter. However, the unofficial interpretation is more descriptive: Secondary Polarity Inverted Cuk. The CUK converter as the dual of the Buck-Boost converter has current input and current output stages. The basic SEPIC is a modification of the basic Boost and the Cuk topologies. The SEPIC converter has similar advantages as the Cuk converter. In addition, both converters have adequate level of intrinsic immunity to harmonics when a coupled inductor techniques is implemented to achieve near zero ripple input current. The advantages of SEPIC are Higher step up/down voltage conversion ratios. Lower voltage stress on the semiconductor devices, thus alleviating the conduction losses. Continuous input and output current. Reduced ripple current in the output capacitor reduces the output ripple voltage and allows the use of smaller and less expensive output capacitors.

INVERTER
The nomenclature inverter is sometimes also used for AC to DC converter circuits if the power flow direction is from DC to AC side. However, irrespective of power flow direction, inverter is referred as a circuit that operates from a stiff DC source and generates AC output. If the input DC is a voltage source, the inverter is called a voltage source inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a current source inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over output (AC) voltage whereas the CSI directly controls output (AC) current. Shape of voltage waveforms output by an ideal VSI should be independent of load connected at the output. That is why VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER is used.

MOSFET DRIVER CIRCUIT

D

1k

MOSFET DRIVER CIRCUIT

Used to provide 9 to 20 volts to switch the MOSFET Switches of the inverter by amplifying the voltage from microcontroller which is 5volts. The driver unit contains the following important units:

Optocoupler, Totem pole, Capacitor, Supply, Diode, Resistor

Optocoupler - used to isolate the control voltage from the controlled circuit. The transistor is used to amplify the signal pulse coming from the microcontroller circuit.

MICRO CONTROLLER-PIC 16F877A

The PIC microcontroller is the first RISC based microcontroller fabricated in CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing simultaneous access of program and data memory. PIC 16F877A is for producing switching pulses to converter and inverter. It has built in PWM module which has specification below: Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules Capture is 16-bit, max resolution is 12.5 ns, Compare is 16-bit, max resolution is 200 ns, PWM maximum Resolution is 10-bit Multi carrier sinusoidal PWM technique has been employed which controls frequency distortions and harmonics.

SIMULATION IN MATLAB- OUTPUT SCOPE

SIMULATION IN MATLAB- PV AND WIND OUTPUT

CONCLUSION
A new multi-input Cuk-SEPIC rectifier stage for hybrid wind/solar energy systems has been presented. This project helps in providing constant output from the source with the reduction of harmonic content. This is the best solution for the power crisis and intermittent load shedding which the people are facing now-a-days in the clean green and eco-friendly manner. Also it widely helps in smart grid applications, distributed generation, reduction in transmission losses, power factor correction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Papers Joanne Hui, Alireza Bakhshai, Praveen K.Jain A Hybrid Wind-solar Energy System- A New Rectifier Stage Topology, IEEE 2010 S.K. Kim, J.H Jeon, C.H. Cho, J.B. Ahn, and S.H. Kwon, Dynamic Modelling and Control of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Generation System with Versatile Power Transfer, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, pp. 1677-1688, April 2008. D. Das, R. Esmaili, L. Xu, D. Nichols, An Optimal Design of a Grid Connected Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell System for Distributed Energy Production, in Proc. IEEE Industrial Electronics Conference, pp. 2499-2504, Nov. 2005. N. A. Ahmed, M. Miyatake, and A. K. Al-Othman, Power fluctuations suppression of stand-alone hybrid generation combining solar photovoltaic/wind turbine and fuel cell systems, in Proc. Of Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, pp. 2711-2719, October 2008. S. Jain, and V. Agarwal, An Integrated Hybrid Power Supply for Distributed Generation Applications Fed by Nonconventional Energy Sources, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, June 2004.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books

N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., G.D. Rai, Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Khanna Publishers.

E. Openshaw Taylor, Utilization of Electrical Energy in SI Units Orient Longman Private Limited.
B.R. Gupta, Generation of Electrical Energy, Eurasia Publishing House Private Limited. V.R. Moorthi, Power Electronics, Oxford University Press. M.D. Singh, K.S. Khanchandani, Power Electronics, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd. C. Aravind Vaithiyalingam, G. Muruganandam, Power Electronics, Sonaversity press. David A. bell, Electronic devices and circuits, Oxford University Press.

John B. Peatman, Design with PIC Microcontrollers, Pearson Education.

Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay, Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Pearson Education. Ajay V. Deshbukh, Microcontrollers, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.