Processing and Binning Overview

From chapter 14 Elements of 3D Seismology by Chris Liner

Outline
Justification for Processing Processing Flow Bins

Justification

Field data representation of the data is distant from a distance-depth representation of data.

Categories of Processing
Adjustments to wavelets, or short-pulse adjustments e.g.,

frequency filtering
phase shifts (rotation) vibroseis correlation Traveltime Corrections (fig. 14.1) : Statics

Normal Moveout
Dip Moveout Migration

Categories of Processing
Amplitude Corrections Geometric spreading Automatic Gain Control

Noise Reduction
Vertical stack Muting CMP stack filtering (f, f-k, tau-p (or radon) multiple suppression

An example of analysis for near-surface seismic structure

Xia et al., 2004

Seismic data Multiple universes for seismic data

Shotpoint gathers (distance versus time) CMP gathers (distance versus time)

Tau-p (horizontal slowness versus intercept time)

f-k (frequency versus wavenumber)

Distance between shot and the receiver (m) Two-way traveltime (s)

Distance between shot and Velocity (m/s) the receiver (m) Two-way traveltime (s)
T0
dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2

Distance between shot and Velocity (m/s) the receiver (m) Two-way traveltime (s)
T0
dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2

V
dT/dx = 1/V (s/m) 1/V = 0 ( s/m) 1/V = p (ray parameter)

Distance between shot and Velocity (m/s) the receiver (m) Two-way traveltime (s)
T0
dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2

angle
dT/dx = 1/Vh (s/m) 1/Vh = 1/[V/ sin(angle) ] ( s/m) 1/Vh = p (ray parameter)

Distance between shot and Velocity (m/s) the receiver (m) Two-way traveltime (s)
T0
dT/dx = 1/V (s/m)

T 2 = T 02 + x 2/ V 2

angle

1/Vh = 1/[V/sin(angle) ]( s/m) 1/Vh = p (ray parameter)

Two-way traveltime (s)

x (m)

tau (intercept time) s

T0

Add amplitude

p=0

p (s/m)

Two-way traveltime (s)

x (m)
tau (intercept time) s
T0
p=0

p (s/m)

x (m)
Two-way traveltime (s)
p=0

f (1/s)
k (wavenumber - 1/m)

1000 m/s

V=f/k (m/s)
1/10 m

100 Hz

x (m)
Two-way traveltime (s)
p=0

f (1/s)
k (wavenumber - 1/m)

1000 m/s

V=f/k (m/s)
1/10 m

100 Hz

Two-way traveltime (s)

x (m)
k (wavenumber - 1/m)
Vh=inf (m/s)

f (1/s)

Vh=inf (m/s)

Sz Sx P-wave & Sv wave

Vh ~= 90% shear wave velocity

skin depth = 1/2 longest wavelength

Dispersion

t1 t2

t0

t1

t2

Dispersion

Xia et al., 2004

Two-way traveltime (s)

x (m)
p=0

k (wavenumber - 1/m)

1000 m/s

f (1/s)

100 Hz

V=f/k (m/s)

Outline
Bins Calculated common midpoints

CMP bin center

Length and width of bin <= spatial aliasing dimensions

To prevent aliasing: max dimension = V/4fmax For GOM: V = V0 + 0.4 x depth Rule of Thumb: 12.5m by 12.5 m for > 2000 m IDEAL BIN SIZE: 5m by 5m for seafloor and deeper

The best bin: SMALL ALL OFFSETS ALL AZIMUTHS

LARGE FOLD

Outline
Justification for Processing Processing Flow Bins