TELECOMMINUCATION AND

NETWORKING

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A PRESENTATION BY

“ AVICK BISWAS”

1ST TRIMESTER (MBA)

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & MEDIA

(ISB&M) , BANGALORE
 TELECOMMUNICATION
• Telecommunications is the exchange of information in any form ( voice, data,
text, images, audio, video ) over networks.

• Systems used in transmitting messages over a distance electronically.

• Telecommunicate - communicate over long distances, as via the telephone or

e-mail .

• Telecommunications - Communication process that allows the transmission of

information from a sender to a receiver by means of an electromagnetic or light
wave medium.

Copyright 2008 PresentationFx.com | Redistribution Prohibited | Image © 2008 clix/sxc.hu | This text section may be deleted for presentation.
 HISTORY & GROWTH
• Early Communication included smoke signals and drums.

• Then come the era of Telegraph and telephone.

• Radio and television.

• Computer networks.

• Wireless networks.

• And the Internet.

 TELECOMINUCATION IN INDIA
• Indian Telecommunication industry, with about 464.82 million phone
connections in June 2009.

• Is the third largest telecommunication network in the world and the second
largest in terms of number of wireless connections.

• For the past decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained

momentum in India.

• Efforts have been made from both governmental and non-governmental

platforms to enhance the infrastructure.

• After 1995 the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India)
 USES OF TELECOMMUNICATIN IN
THE BUSINESS
• OVERCOMING GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS :

• 1. use of internet and extranets to transmit customers orders from travelling

salespeople to the corporate data centre for the order processing and inventory
control.

• 2. provide better customer services by reducing delay in filling orders and

improves the speeding of cash flow by billing the customers quickly.

• OVERCOMING TIME BARRIERS :

• 1. Credit authorization at the point of sale by using online networks.

• 2. Helps in fast decision making and communicating them.

• 3. sending information to the remote locations on time.

 USES OF TELECOMMUNICATIN IN THE
BUSINESS continued…
• OVERCOMING COST BARRIERS :

• 1. Desktop video conferencing between a company and its business partner

using the internet, and extranets.

• 2. Reduces the cost of more traditional means of communication. Etc..

• OVERCOMING STRUCTURAL BARRIERS :

• 1. Business to business electronic commerce websites for transactions with

suppliers and customers using the internet and extranets.

• 2. Fast and convenient service to customers and suppliers.

TELECOM SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIA
TELECOM SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIA
CONTINUED…
INTERNE
T
 INTERNET

•The word internet derives from the word internet working or

linkage of separate network , each of which retains its own
identity into an interconnected network.

•Internet technology is used to share information and gain

information which helps in taking decision and for future
planning
 INTRANET
•Intranet is an internal organizational network that provides access to that
data across the enterprise. It uses inter net technology to provide internet
like within the enterprise.

• An intranet is protected by security measures such as password and fire

walls, so that only accessed by authoresses user
 EXTRANET
•Extranet is intranet extended to a authorized users outside the
organization. The company uses firewall to insure that access to
internal data is limited and remain secure from unauthorized user.

•Companies can establish direct private network links between

themselves , or create private secure internet links between them
called virtual private network.
Benefits of extranet and intranet
• Intranet use for information sharing,
communication collaboration and the support of
business process.

• They are use for supply chain management.

• They reduce the operational cost by providing the

connectivity to co-ordinate desperate business
process with the firm and link to customer’s and
suppliers.
 Business use of internet

• Reduces cost

• Improvement customer relationship

• Fast feedback

• Potential customer base

 Business use of internet CONTINUED…

• Expand geographical reach

• Information available 24/7/365 days

• Reducing marketing and advertisement

cost
 Types of Signals
• Analog signal

• Digital signal
 Cisco technology
1-It was incorporated on December 10,1984 in California.

2-It went public on February 16,1990

3-Close to 65225 employees worldwide.

4-John T. Chambers is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,

Cisco Systems Inc.
5-FY2008 revenue $39.5 billion.
 Cisco system India Pvt.Ltd
• Cisco Systems India Pvt Ltd. commenced operations in 1995

• India, as a region, is part of the APAC theater.

• APAC theater contributes to about 11 percent of the global

revenue .

• Cisco has 7 Sales Offices in the region - New Delhi, Mumbai,

Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata and Hyderabad. APAC
theater contributes to about 11 percent of the global revenue.
 Video conferencing
• Requirements to use the data, audio, and video features you need

• 4 MB of free hard disk space

• 56,000 bps or faster modem, ISDN, or LAN connection

• Sound card with microphone and speakers (sound card required for both audio
and video support.

• Video capture card or camera that provides a Video for Windows capture driver
(require for video).
Computer
Networks
 COMPUTER NETWORK
• A computer network is an interconnection of
various computer systems located at different
places

• Two or more computers are linked together with

a medium and data communication devices for
the purpose of communicating data and sharing
resources

23
• Uses of Computer Networks In Business
Applications.

• Resource Sharing.

• Information Sharing.
 Terminology
Client – a computer that allows a user to log
onto the network and take advantages of the
resources on the network.

Server – Much more powerful computer that

provides centralized administration of the
network and serves up the resources that are
available on the network.
CLIENT-SERVER MODEL
Client Server model involves requests
and replies.
• Peer-To-Peer networks :

• In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed

clients and servers.

• High security levels can not be achieved

using peer to peer networks, so if
organization have concerns with security
peer to peer will not be that great.
 Peer to Peer

Each computer acts Advantages

both as a client and • Less expense
server. • Easy setup

Disadvantages
• Security
Types Of Cables
 What is Cable ?

• A conductor for transmitting electrical or

optical signals or electric power.
 Types of cables

There are 3 major types of cable:

1.Coaxial Cable (Coax)

2.Twisted Pair Cable
3.Fiber Optic
 Coaxial Cable
• It is used in television transmission. It has an inner
conductor which is enclosed in an insulator and there is
outer conductor which is also enclosed by insulator,
finally the whole structure is covered by plastic cover.
Characteristics of Coaxial Cable
• Transmission rate of about 10 Mbps
• Good resistance to electrical interference
• Less expensive than fiber-optics but more
expensive than twisted pair.
• Flexible and easy to work .
Foshan Nanhai Tongda Specialized Cables
Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a modern enterprise
which produces and sells coaxial cable as well
as all kinds of communication cables.
 Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted Pair Cable consist of copper wire twisted

into pair like telephone wires. These lines are used
in established communication network throughout
the world for both voice and data transmission.
These wiring are used basically in home and
office.
 Type of Twisted Pair Cable

1-Unsheilded Twisted Cable (UTP)

2-Sheilded Twisted Cable (STP)

ACHYTA ELETRICAL PVT. LTD.

Year of Established : 1995

Quality Certification : ISO 9002

 Fiber Optics
• Fiber optics uses cable consisting of one or
more hair-thin filament of glass fiber wrapped in
a protective jacket. They can conduct pluses of
visible light element generated by lasers at
transmission rates as high as trillions of bits per
second. It provide substantial size and weight
reduction as well as increased speed and
greater carrying capacity.
Advantages of Fiber optic Cable
1) Fastest Transmission rate.
2) Not susceptible to electrical interference.
3) Very much secure.
4) Good for use between buildings.

Disadvantages of Fiber optic Cable

1) Most Expensive.
2) Difficult to work with.
Types Of Networks

• LAN
• MAN
• CAN
• WAN
• GAN
 Local Area Network LAN
Networks used to interconnect computers in a single room,
rooms within a building or buildings on one site are called
Local Area Network (LAN).
LAN transmits data with a speed of several megabits per
second
• The transmission medium is normally coaxial cables.

• LAN links computers, in the same area for the purpose of

sharing information. Usually LAN links computers within a
limited geographical area because they must be connected
by a cable, which is quite expensive.

• People working in LAN get more capabilities in data

processing, work processing and other information
exchange compared to stand-alone computers.
 Characteristics of LAN
• every computer has the potential to communicate with
any other computers of the network
• high degree of connection between computers
• easy physical connection of computers in a network
• inexpensive medium of data transmission

• high data transmission rate

 Metropolitan Area Network MAN
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) covers
a city or a region of a city.
• MANs support
– high-speed disaster recovery systems
– real-time transaction backup systems
– interconnections between corporate data
centers and internet service providers, and
government, business, medicine, and education
high-speed interconnections.
 Characteristics of MAN
• MANs have very high transfer speeds
• MANs can recover from network faults very quickly (failover time)
MANs are very often a ring topology (not a star-wired ring)

• Some MANs can be provisioned dynamically

• Growing in popularity
 Wide Area Network
 The term Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to
describe a computer network spanning a regional,
national or global area.

 For example, for a large company the head

quarters might be at Cairo and regional branches
at Mansoura, Tanta , and Aswan.

 the transmission medium used are normally

telephone lines, microwaves and satellite links
 The characteristics of WAN
• Communication Facility: For a big company spanning over
the country the employees can save long distance phone
calls and it overcomes the time lag in overseas
communications.
• Computer conferencing is another use of WAN where users
communicate with each other through their computer
system.
• Remote Data Entry is possible in WAN.
• Centralized Information.
Global Accelerator Network (GAN)
• Collaborative operation of a linear collider.
• Collaboration extends beyond commissioning phase.
• Possibly a control room in each participating country.
Each room taking a shift
• Experts on particular equipment might be located
remotely.
 CAMPUS Area Network CAN
• CAN (Campus Area Network) is a serial bus system which
provides two communication services: the sending of a
message (data frame transmission) and the requesting of a
message (remote transmission request, RTR)

• A multi-master hierarchy, which allows building intelligent

and redundant systems.

• Broadcast communication. A sender of information

transmits to all devices on the bus. All receiving devices
read the message and then decide if it is relevant to them.

• Sophisticated error detecting mechanisms and

re- transmission of faulty.
CAN
Network Topologies
 Introduction
• What is a topology
• Terminology
• Different technologies
 Terminology

• Topology – (from the Greek word topos meaning

place) is a description of any kind of locality in
terms of its layout.

• There are two ways to describe a network

topology.

1. Physical topology
2. Logical Topology
 Simple Physical Topologies
• Physical topology: physical layout of nodes on a
network
• Three fundamental shapes:
– Bus
– Ring
– Star
• May create hybrid topologies
• Topology integral to type of network, cabling
infrastructure, and transmission media used
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY

• In star topology a number of workstations are directly linked

to a central node as the next figure.
• Any communication between stations on a star LAN must
pass through the central node.
• The central node controls all the activities of the nodes.
The advantages of the star topology are:
• It offers flexibility of adding or deleting of workstations from
the network.
• Breakdown of one station does not affect entire system
The major disadvantage of star topology is that failure of the
central node disables communication throughout the whole
network
53
Star topology
54
 Bus Topology
 In bus topology all workstations are connected to a single
communication line called bus.

 There is no central node as in star topology.

 Transmission from any station travels the length of the bus in both
directions and can be received by all workstations.

The advantage of the bus topology is that

 It is quite easy to set up.

 If one station of the topology fails it does not affect the entire system.

 The disadvantage of bus topology - is that Management costs

can be high

• Potential for congestion with network traffic.

Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
In ring topology each station is attached nearby stations on
a point to point basis so that the entire system is in the
form of a ring.

In this topology data is transmitted in one direction only.

Thus the data packets circulate along the ring in either
clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.

The advantage of this topology is that any signal

transmitted on the network passes through all the LAN
stations.
The disadvantage of ring network is that the breakdown of
any one station on the ring can disable the entire system.
Ring Topology
 Mesh Topology
• All nodes are directly connected with all
other nodes.
• Best choice when fault tolerance is
required.
• Very difficult to setup and maintain.
OSI Reference Model

• Layered model:
7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data Link
1. Physical
 The Physical Layer
• Responsibility:
– transmission of raw bits over a
communication channel.
• Issues:
– mechanical and electrical interfaces
– time per bit
– distances
 The Data Link Layer - Data Link
Control
• Responsibility:
– provide an error-free communication link
• Issues:
– framing (dividing data into chunks)
• header & trailer bits
– addressing

10110110101 01100010011 10110000001

 The Data Link Layer - The MAC sub
layer

• Medium Access Control - needed by multi-

access networks.

• MAC provides DLC with “virtual wires” on

multi-access networks.
 The Network Layer
• Responsibilities:
– path selection between end-systems (routing).
– subnet flow control.
– fragmentation & reassembly
– translation between different network types.
• Issues:
– packet headers
– virtual circuits
 The Transport Layer
• Responsibilities:
– provides virtual end-to-end links between
peer processes.
– end-to-end flow control
• Issues:
– headers
– error detection
– reliable communication
 The Session Layer
• Responsibilities:
– establishes, manages, and terminates
sessions between applications.
– service location lookup

• Many protocol suites do not include a

session layer.
 The Presentation Layer
• Responsibilities:
– data encryption
– data compression
– data conversion
• Many protocol suites do not include a
Presentation Layer.
 The Application Layer
• Responsibilities:
– anything not provided by any of the other
layers
• Issues:
– application level protocols
– appropriate selection of “type of service”
 Layering & Headers
• Each layer needs to add some control
information to the data in order to do it’s
job.
• This information is typically prepended
to the data before being given to the
lower layer.
• Once the lower layers deliver the the
data and control information - the peer
layer uses the control information.
 Headers

Process DATA Process

Transport H DATA Transport

Network H H DATA Network

Data Link H H H DATA Data Link