Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves

Chap. 4 Modern Compressible Flow

10/15/02; 10/17/02
Oblique Shock Waves
The oblique shock waves typically occurs when a
supersonic flow is turned to itself by a wall or its
equivalent boundary condition.
In Fig. 4.4, for instance, all the streamlines have the same
deflection angle u at the shock wave, parallel to the surface
downstream the corner point A.
Across the oblique shock, M decreases but p, T and
increase.


Expansion Waves
The expansion waves typically occur when a supersonic
flow is turned away from itself by a wall or its equivalent
boundary condition. See Fig. 4.4.
In Fig. 4.4, for instance, the streamlines are smoothly
curved through the expansion fan until they are all parallel
to the wall behind the corner point A.
All flow properties through an expansion wave change
smoothly and continuously. Across the expansion wave,
M increases while p, T, and decreases.
Source of Oblique Waves
For a beeper moving at a supersonic speed, the beeper is
always ahead of the sound wave fronts. This cause the
sound wave fronts to coalesce into a line disturbance,
called Mach wave, at the Mack angle relative to the
direction of the beeper.


The physical mechanism to form the oblique shock wave is
essentially the same as the Mach wave. The Mach wave is
actually an infinitely weak shock wave.

M
1
sin
1
= (4.1)
Straight Oblique Shock Relations - 1
The oblique shock tilts at a wave angle | with respect to
V
1
, the upstream velocity. Behind the shock, the flow is
deflected toward the shock by the flow deflection angle u.
Let u and w denote the normal and parallel flow velocity
components relative to the oblique shock and M
n
and M
t
the corresponding Mach numbers, we have for a steady
adiabatic flow with no body forces the following relations:






2 2 1 1
u u =
2 1
w w =
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
u
h
u
h + = +
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
u p u p + = +
(4.2)
(4.3a)
(4.6)
Straight Oblique Shock Relations - 2
So and M
n1
and M
n2
all satisfy
the corresponding normal shock relations,
which are all functions of M
1
and |,
because

1
2
1
2
1
2
, ,
T
T
p
p

| sin
1
1
M M
n
=
) sin(
2
2
u | = M M
n
(4.7)
(4.12)
Straight Oblique Shock Relations 3
u-|-M Relation
(

+ +

=
2 ) 2 cos (
1 sin
cot 2 tan
2
1
2
2
1
|
|
| u
M
M
1. For any given free stream Mach number M
1
, there is
a maximum u beyond which the shock will be curved
and detached.
2. For any given M
1
and u < u
max
, there are two |s. The
larger | is called the strong shock solution, where M
2
is
subsonic. The lower | is called the weak shock solution,
where M
2
is supersonic except for a small region near
u
max
.
3. If u =0, then | = t/2 (normal shock) or |= (Mach wave).
(4.17)
Straight Oblique Shock Relations - 4
For a calorically perfect gas,
2 ) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
2
1
1
2
+
+
=
n
n
M
M

) 1 (
1
2
1
2
1
1
2

+
+ =
n
M
p
p

(4.8)
(4.9)
Straight Oblique Shock Relations - 5
( )
1
1
2
) 1 (
2
2
1
2
1
2
2

+
=
n
n
n
M
M
M

(4.10)
2
1
1
2
1
2

p
p
T
T
=
(4.11)
Supersonic Flow Over Cones
The flow over a cone is inherently three-
dimensional. The three-dimensionality has the
relieving effect to result in a weaker shock wave
as compared to a wedge of the same half angle.
The flow between the shock and the cone is no
longer uniform; the streamlines there are curved
and the surface pressure are not constant.
Shock Polar - 1
A shock polar is a plot on the hodograph
plane (V
x
-V
y
plane or M
x
*-M
y
* plane)
that shows the locus of all possible u and M
2
* for
a given upstream Mach number M
1
*. See Fig.
4.16 and Equ. (4.22).
M, is that as M approaches infinity, M* approach
a limit value 2.45.
On the M
x
* vs. M
y
* plane, a circle of radius
M* = 1 is called the sonic circle.







Shock Polar - 2
Every point on the hodograph plane represents the
flow field either ahead of or behind the straight
oblique shock wave.
For a given V
1
, The locus of all possible velocities
(as function of u) behind an oblique shock is
defined as the shock polar.
Shock Polar - 3
For a given V
1
and flow deflection angle u,
the u = constant line has two intersections
with the shock polar: one inside the sonic
circle representing the strong shock
solution, and another outside the sonic
circle representing the weak shock solution.
Shock Wave Reflection
Consider an incident oblique shock on a lower
wall that is reflected by the upper wall at point B.
The reflection angle of the shock at the upper wall
is determined by two conditions:
(a) M
2
< M
1
(b) The flow downstream of the reflected shock
wave must be parallel to the upper wall. That
is, the flow is deflected downward by u.
See Figs. 4.18 and 4.19.
Pressure-Deflection Diagram
The pressure-deflection diagram is a plot of the
static pressure behind an oblique shock versus the
flow deflection angle for a given upstream
condition.
For left-running waves, the flow deflection angle
is upward; it is considered as positive. For right-
running waves, the flow deflection angle is
downward; it is considered as negative. See Fig.
4.21.
Intersection of Shock Waves of
Opposite Families
Consider the intersection of left- and right-running shocks
(A and B) as shown in Fig. 4.23. The two shocks intersect
at E and result in two refracted shocks C and D. Since the
shock wave strengths of A and B in general are different,
there is a slip line in the region between the two refracted
waves where
(a) the pressure is continuous but the entropy is
discontinuous at the slip line;
(b) the velocities on two sides of the slip line are in the
same direction but of different magnitudes;


Intersection of Shock Waves of
the Same Family
As two left running oblique shock waves A and B
intersect at C as seen Fig. 4.26, they will form a
single shock wave CD and a reflected shock wave
CE such that there is slip line in the region
between CD and CE.
Mach Reflection
What if u
max
for M
2
< u < u
max
for M
1
?
Since a regular reflection at the upper wall is not
possible, a normal shock is formed at the upper
wall so the flow there is parallel to the upper wall
(the boundary condition). Away from the wall,
the normal shock becomes a curved shock and
intersects with the incident shock. This pattern is
called the Mach reflection. See Fig. 4.28.
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves - 1
M
2
> M
1
. An expansion corner is a means to
increase the flow mach number.
P
2
/p
1
<1,
2
/
1
<1, T
2
/T
1
< 1. The pressure,
density, and temperature decrease through an
expansion wave.
The expansion fan is a continuous expansion
region, composed of of an infinite number of
Mach waves, bounded upstream by
1
and
downstream by
2
.
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves - 2
See Fig. 4.32, a centered expansion fan, also
called Prandtl-Meyer expansion wave.
where
1
= sin
-1
(1/M
1
) and
2
= sin
-1
(1/M
2
).
Streamlines through an expnasion wave are
smooth curved lines.
Since the expansion takes place through a
continuous succession of Mach waves, and ds = 0
for each wave, the expansion is isentropic.

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves - 3
For perfect gas, the Prandtl-Meyer
expansion waves are governed by


Knowing M
1
and u
2
, we can find
M
2
, using Table A.5.


) ( ) (
1 2 2
M M v v u =
(4.45)
Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves - 4
Since the expansion is isentropic, and hence
To and po are constant, we have

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
M
T
T

+
=

1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1

(
(
(

+
=

M
M
p
p
p.171-172
Shock-Expansion Method
-Flow Conditions Downstream of the Trailing Edge
In supersonic flow, the conditions at the trailing edge
cannot affect the flow upstream. Therefore, unlike the
subsonic flow, there is no need to impose a Kutta condition
at the trailing edge in order to determine the airfoil lift.

However, if there is an interest to know the flow
conditions downstream of the T.E., they can be determined
by requiring the pressures downstream of the top- and
bottom-surface flows to be equal.
Conditions Downstream of the T.E.
-An Example
For the case shown, the angle of attack is less than the wedges half
angle so we expect two oblique shocks at the trailing edge.
In order to know the flow conditions downstream of the airfoil, we
start a guess value of the deflection angle of the downstream flow
relative of the free stream.
Knowing the Mach number and static pressure immediately upstream
of each shock leads to the prediction of the static pressures
downstream of each shock.
Then through the iteration process, is changed until the
pressures downstream of the top- and bottom-surface flow become
equal.

Total and Perturbation Velocity Potentials
Consider a slender body immersed in an inviscid,
irrotational flow where



We can define the (total) velocity potential u and the
perturbation velocity potential | as follows:



'
'
'
w V
v V
u V V
z
y
x
=
=
+ =

z
y
x
V
z
V
y
V
x
=
c
u c
=
c
u c
=
c
u c
'
'
'
w
z
v
y
u
x
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
|
|
|
Velocity Potential Equation
For a steady, irrotational flow, starting from the differential
continuity equation


we have

In terms of the velocity potential u(x,y,z), the above
continuity equation becomes

0 ) ( = V +
c
c
V
t

0 ) ( = V V
0
2
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= u
u u
u
u u
u
u u

u
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
+ u
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
+ u
|
|
.
|

\
|
u

yz
z y
xz
z x
xy
y x
zz
z
yy
y
xx
x
a a a
a a a
Linearized Velocity Potential Equation
By assuming small velocity perturbations such that


we can prove that for the Mach number ranges excluding


1
'
,
'
,
'
<<

V
w
V
v
V
u
2 . 1 8 . 0 s s

M
5 >

M
0 ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

z y x
M
| | |
0
' ' '
) 1 (
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

z
w
y
v
x
u
M
the transonic range:
the hypersonic range:
Linearized Pressure Coefficient
For calorically perfect gas, the pressure coefficient C
p
can
be reduce to


For small velocity perturbations, we can prove that


Note that the linearized C
p
only depends on u.
) 1 (
2
2
1
2
2
=

p
p
M
V
p p
C
p

=
V
u
C
p
' 2
Prandtl-Glauert Rule for Linearized Subsonic Flow
(2-D Over Thin Airfoils)
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

=
M
C
C
M
C
C
M
C
C
M
C
C
o
o
o
o
m
m
d
d
l
l
p
p
C
p
of 2-D Supersonic Flows Around Thin Wings
For supersonic flow over any 2-D slender airfoil,



where u is the local surface inclination with respect to the
free stream:
1
2
2

M
C
p
u
o u
o u
+ =
=
dx
dz
dx
dz
l
l
u
u
C
l
of 2-D Supersonic Flow Over Thin Wings
For supersonic flow over any 2-D slender airfoil,
1
4
2

M
c q
l
C
l
o
C
d
of 2-D Supersonic Flow Over Thin Wings
C
d
= C
d, due to lift
+ C
d, due to thickness
+ C
d,friction


) (
1
2
1
4
2 2
2 2
2
l u d
M M
c q
d
C o o
o
+

dx
dx
dz
c
dx
dx
dz
c
c
l
l
c
u
u
2
0
2
2
0
2
1
1
}
}
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o
C
m
of 2-D Supersonic Flow Over Thin Wings
For supersonic flow over any 2-D slender airfoil, the
pitching moment coefficient with respect to an arbitrary
point x
o
is

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
.
|

\
|

c
x
d
c
x x
dx
dz
dx
dz
M
c
x
M
c q
m
C
o l u o
xo
xo m
1
0
2 2
2
,
1
2
2
1
1
4o
C
m
of 2-D Supersonic Flow Over Thin Wings
For supersonic flow over any 2-D slender airfoil, the
pitching moment coefficient with respect to an arbitrary
point x
o
is



The center of pressure for a symmetrical airfoil in
supersonic flow is predicted at the midchord point.

1
2
2
,

M
C
LE m
o