Petroleum

BIOHAZARDO US NONRENEWABL E

VERGE OF EXTINCTIO N DISADVANTAGE S OF PETROLEUM

GLOBAL WARMING

TOXICITY

EXPENSIV E

SO

BATTERY ARRANGEMENTS
In almost any device that use Batteries, you do not use just one cell at a time. You normally group them together serially to form higher voltages, or in parallel to form higher currents. In a series arrangement, the voltages add up. In a parallel arrangement, the currents add up.

HOW DOES A BATTERY WORK?

Inside the battery, a reaction

between chemicals take place.

But the reaction takes place only if there is a flow of electrons.

Batteries can be stored for a long time and still work because the chemical process doesn't start until the electrons flow from the negative to the positive terminals through a circuit.

THE LEMON CELL BATTERY

BATTERY BASICS
In the lemon experiment, the lemon juice allows the metal plates to gain or lose electrons. Then, those electrons travel over to the other plate (via the electrolyte solution, lemon juice), forming a redox reaction. The electrolyte is electrically the same on both sides, but the reaction creates a different electrical potential on the two different plates, so connecting them shows a voltage difference.

MATERIAL LIST
1. Magnesium and copper strips 3. Wires

2. Small plastic containers/cuvets

4. Multimeter

5.Lemon

DESIGN

SOURCE OF ENERGY
The energy for the battery does not come from the lemon, but rather the chemical change in Magnesium (or other metal). The Metal is oxidized inside the lemon, exchanging some of its electrons in order to reach a lower energy state, and the energy released provides the power.

The lemon merely provides an environment where this can happen, but they are not used up in the process.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASURED

Sr. No. No. of cells in series connection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 4 6 10 Voltage measured (Volts) 1.7 3.4 7.0 10.3 15.8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sr. No. No. in of cells Current parallel measured (micro Amps) 0.15 0.4 0.79 1.1 1.4 connection 2 6 10 15 20

Thus by numerous trial and error methods it was found that 20 cells of such kind when connected in parallel provided enough power to run a motor.

VARIATIONS
Potatoes, apples, sauerkraut, or any other fruit or vegetable containing acid or other electrolyte can be used, but lemons are preferred because of their higher acidity.

In potatoes, for instance, the electrolyte is phosphoric acid, while in lemons it is citric acid.

PROS AND CONS

1. Does not pollute, 2. Renewable energy source 3. Electric cars are quiet

1. Lemon cell Cannot be reused 2. Heavy 3. Low power production

4. Easily available materials

5. Cheap (Rs 10 for 6 lemons) (Rs 50 for copper strip, 6x2 inches) (Rs 60 for magnesium roll)

4. Magnesium dissolves if kept for longer time

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

LEDs Piezoelectric buzzers Small digital clocks Such cell can be used to power any small or large electronic gadget by improvising it. It reduces the use of conventional sources of energy with simple material which can we can get in abundance cutting down the cost to a great extent.

It was observed that the batteries had enough power to run the motor but at a very slow speed.
The magnesium electrode started to dissolve in the electrolyte and the copper strip changed colour. The lemon cells are like one time use or use and throw kind of batteries. The lemon juice Is not a very strong electrolyte and dissociates fast.

BLEACH CELL
When sodium hypochlorite is dissolved in water, the resulting solution is quite basic due to the production of OHions by the following reaction: NaOCl (s) + H20(l) HOCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)

Using the same electrodes i.e. copper and magnesium An unloaded bleach cell records a potential difference of 1.87V across the two terminals while the current was 0.1 micro Amps