Skeletal system

Your bones manufacture blood cells. Our bones are held by our muscles The smallest bones are in our ears

Muscular system
Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers. We have 600 major muscles. We have 240 muscles that have specific jobs

TMJ

Structure of Bone

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis Medullary Cavity Nutrient Art & Vein 2 Epiphyses Epiphyseal Plates Epiphyseal Art & Vein Periosteum
Outer: Dense irregular CT Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Does not cover epiphyses Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers

Endosteum
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity

Synovial Joint

pg 215

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths

Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons 3 Factors in Joint Stability:
Muscle Tone Ligaments Fit of Articular Surface

pg 219

pg 224

Joint Shapes
Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other
angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal

Plane: articular surface in flat plane

Short gliding movement (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

pg 225

Joint Shapes
Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity
side-to-side, back+forth movement (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament

rotation on long axis (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

Anterior Skull
frontal bone supraorbi tal foramenbone zygomatic mandibul ar symphysis mental foramen glabella

infraorbit al foramen maxilla ry bone alveolar fossa mandible

Anterior Skull
perpendicular plate superior orbital fissure inferior nasal concha bone nasal bone middle nasal concha vomer bone

Paranasal Sinuses
frontal sinus

ethmoid sinus maxilary sinus

sphenoid sinus

coronal suture sagittal suture

Cranium

frontal bone

parietal bon

lambdoidal suture

occipital bon

Ventral Skull
palatine process palatine bone vomer bone temporal bone external occipital protuberance

sphenoid bone
styloid process

mastoid proces

occipital bone

carotid canal jugular foramen foramen magnum occipital condyle

Occipital bone

squamosal suture temporal bone

lacrimal bone

external acoustic meatus mandibular condyle In mandibular fossa

Lateral Skull

zygomatic arc
coronoi d process

sphenoid bone sutura l bone mastoid process styloid process ramus angle body mandible

Lateral Skull

cribriborm plate
greater wing

crista galli
lesser wing

sella turcica

ugular foramen

optic canal intenal acoustic meatus

Internal Skull

Hyoid +
external acoustic meatus
temmporal mandibular joint

Hyoid bone

________ ________ Sagittal

Coronal

Lambdoid
Squamous

Overview of Skull Geography

Facial bones form the anterior aspect The cranial bones enclose the brain

Vault
The cranial vault or calvaria forms the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of skull The cranial base forming the inferior aspect of skull

Cranial Base
Cranial base forms the skulls inferior aspect Three prominent ridges divide the base into fossae The brain rests on these cranial fossae completely enclosed by the cranial vault The brain occupies the cranial cavity

Cranium

The 8 cranial bones include; 2 parietal, 2 temporal frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid Cranium is self- bracing allowing the bones to be thin, yet strong

Occipital bone
Forms most of the posterior wall and base of skull Articulates with parietal & temporal Joins w/ sphenoid in the cranial floor Forms internal walls of posterior cranial fossa

Occipital bone - Int. landmarks

Hypoglossal canal, Posterior cranial fossa

Temporal Bone
Forms the inferolateral aspects of the skull Parts of the cranial floor Divided into four regions; squamous tympanic, mastoid, and petrous-(int)

Temporal Bone
The internal petrous region contributes to the cranial base The petrous region and the sphenoid bone form the middle cranial fossa

Temporal Bone - landmarks

Zygomatic process
Meets the zygomatic bone Forms the cheek

Mandibular fossa
Receives condyle of mandible

Temporal bones - landmarks

Stylomastoid foramen
exit for facial nerve

Carotid canal
entrance for the carotid artery which supplies blood to cerebral hemispheres

Sphenoid bone
Bone spanning the width of middle cranial fossa Articulates as central wedge of all cranial bones Consists of central body and three processes; greater and lesser wings and pterygoid process (pos. view)

Sphenoid - landmarks

Sella turcica (enclosure for pituitary gland) Optic foramina (passage of optic nerves) Superior orbital fissure (Nerves III, IV, V enter orbit) Foramen rotundum & ovale (Cranial Nerve V to face) Foramen spinosum (Middle meningeal artery)

Ethmoid bone
Forms most of the area between the nasal cavity & orbits of eyes Lies between nasal bones & sphenoid Complex shape gives rise to nasal septum, sinuses and cribiform plate

Ethmoid bone - landmarks

Cribiform plates
Forms roof of nasal cavity

Olfactory formina
Olfactory nerves enter brain

Crista galli
Attachment of the dura mater which secures brain in cavity

Facial bones
Consists of 14 bones w/ only mandible and vomer unpaired Others include maxillae, lacrimals, nasals, zygomatics, inferior nasal conchae, and palatines (not pictured)

Mandible
Forms the lower jaw Largest, strongest bone of the face It has a body and two upwardly projecting sections called rami Houses lower dentition

Mandible - landmarks
Mandibular angle Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Alveolar margin Mandible formina Mental formina Ramus of mandible

Maxillary bone
Forms upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton Fused medially Articulates with all facial bones except mandible Upper dentition Forms 2/3 of hard palate of the mouth

Zygomatic process

Maxillary bone

Maxillary bones - landmarks

Alveolar margin
Upper dentition

Frontal process
Forms lateral aspects of nose

Zygomatic process
Articulates with zygomatic bone

Maxillary sinuses
(Fig. 7.11)

Palatine bones
The horizontal plates forms the posterior portion of hard palate Vertical plate forms part of the posterolateral wall of nasal cavity and a small portion of orbit

Palatine bones - landmarks

Horizontal plate
Posterior section of hard palate

Vertical plate
Part of the posteriolateral walls of nasal cavity

Orbital surface
Part of inferior medial aspect of orbit

Vomer
Forms part of the nasal septum Discussed with the nasal cavity

Vomer - landmarks
Plow shape
Divides nasal septum into right and left parts

Inferior Nasal Conchae - Landmark

The Inferior nasal conchae is just one of three in the nasal cavity Superior and middle concha are on the Ethmoid bone

The Orbits

Paranasal sinuses
Note positioning around nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinuses

Hyoid bone
Body
Neck muscle attachment

Greater horn
Neck muscle attachment

Lesser horn

TMJ

TMJ Capsule

TMJ Capsule

TMJ Motions

TMJ Motions

Characteristics - Ligaments
Ligaments hold the vertebral column in an upright position
The broad Anterior Longitudinal Ligament prevents hyperextension and is quite strong The cord like Posterior Longitudinal Ligament prevents hyperflexion and is relatively weak

Characteristics - Ligaments
Ligaments also connect specific vertebra and support disc position
Supraspinos ligament Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament

Intervertebral Discs
Intervertebral discs are cushion like pads interposed between vertebra The discs provide elasticity and compressibility Compression flattens discs Discs are thickest in the cervical and lumbar to provide flexibility

Characteristics - discs
Annulus fibrosus surrounds the outer margin
Collagen fibers

Nucleus pulposus is the semi fluid substance which shifts under body weight & pressure Herniation of disc

Herniation of disk

General structure of vertebrae

Common pattern
Body or centrum Vertebral arch
lamina pedicle

Vertebral foramen Spinous process

Muscles attach

Transverse process
Muscles attach

General structure of vertebrae

Interlocking pattern
Superior and inferior processes interlock The inferior from above and the superior from the vertebrae below form a movable joint The movement contributes to spinal rotation Superior Articular Process

General structure
Pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior borders Lateral openings are called intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerves from spinal cord exit through these foramina

Regional Characteristic: Cervical

Body is oval, but wide side to side C3 - C7 Spinous process is short and bifid (split) except in C7 Vertebral foramen is triangular Transverse processes contain foramina for blood vessels leading to brain

Cervical Vertebrae C1

Lateral masses articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

Cervical Vertebrae C1

Body of the Vertebrae is missing

Inferior articular surface articulates with C2 below

Cervical Vertebrae C2
The axis has the odontoid process or dens is its unique feature The dens is the missing body of the atlas which fuses with the atlas during embryonic development

Regional Characteristic: Cervical

Spinous processes project directly posteriorly Superior facets directed superoposteriorly Inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly Flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation

Regional Characteristic: Thoracic

Body is larger than cervical; heart shaped Spinous process is long and sharp Vertebral foramen is circular Transverse processes project posteriorly and bear facets for ribs

Regional Characteristic: Lumbar

Body is massive and kidney shaped Spinous processes are short and blunt Vertebral foramen is triangular Transverse processes are perpendicular to spinous process but has no special features

Regional Characteristic: Lumbar

Spinous process projects posteriorly Superior facets directed medially Inferior facets directed laterally Flexion/extension, some lateral flexion, rotation prevented

Sacral
Ala are fused remnants of transverse processes that articulate with hip bones to form the sacro iliac joints of the pelvis Sacral promontory
Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior of this point

Ala

Sacral promontory

Transverse line are sites of vertebral fusion Sacral foramina transmit blood vessels and nerves

Sacral
On the posterior aspect median sacral crest are fused spinous processes The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the sacral canal Sacral hiatus is at the inferior end of the sacral canal Superior articular surface form a joint with the spinal column

Coccyx

Coccyx articulates with sacrum

Sternum
Located on the anterior midline of the thorax Consists of three fused bones; manubrium, body, and xiphoid process Manibrium articulates with clavicle & 2 ribs Body with ribs 2 - 7 Xiphoid attachment site for abdominal muscle

Thorax to Vertebral Column

Ribs

Ribs
Ribs are bowed flat bones Long shaft Tear drop shaped with a costal groove on inner surface Head of rib has 2 facets to articulate with its vertebrae as well as the one above

Ribs
Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process Ligaments secure rib to transverse process Note how the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae are angled posteriorly

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The Skull: Fractures

Egg Shell Fracture of the Parietal bones. Results from a fall or blunt force to the head

The Skull: Fractures

Another example of an egg shell fracture.

Knife in Skull Above Orbit AP Projection