PENGANTAR ERGONOMI

ERWIN DYAH N

ASAL KATA
ERGOS = KERJA NOMOS = PERATURAN KERJA, ATURAN, KEBIASAAN KERJA

Fakta
Tahun 1993 > 50% klaim kompensasi di Washington State Fund akibat WMSDs ( sprains, strains, nerve compression, and joint inflammation)

Biaya langsung dan tak langsung WMSDs

Biaya langsung (pengobatan, absen) > $100 juta Biaya tak langsung :
investigation time,
decreased production, training and hiring replacement workers. Sulit dihitung Diperkirakan 2-5 kali biaya langsung

Tujuan Program Ergonomi

prevent injuries manage injuries if they occur save company money, increase worker comfort and safety, decrease injuries & workers' compensation claims and, increase productivity(quantity &quality) Increase workers morale

Bukti Manfaat Ergonomi

In a shop where aircraft interiors are installed, engineering controls and work practice changes increased productivity 10-15 percent, which translated into a benefit of more than $200,000. Changes made to a work process at a wire installation shop reduced stressful body posture and lowered the assembly time from eight to six and a half hours.

Komponen progran ergonomi

Identifying musculoskeletal symptoms and their associated risk factors. Making changes to jobs to eliminate the risk factors. Preventing injuries and keeping those that occur from becoming disabling. Training employees on all of the above.

4 elements of an ergonomics program

Worksite analysis Hazard preventio n and control Medical management Training and education

Worksite analysis
a safety and health review that identifies jobs and workstations that may contain musculoskeletal hazards, the risk factors that pose the hazards, and the causes of the risk factors.

Hazard prevention and control:

eliminating or minimizing the hazards identified in the worksite analysis by changing the jobs, workstations, tools or environment to fit the worker.

Medical management:
the effective use of available health-care resources to prevent or manage workrelated musculoskeletal disorders.

Training and education

a method to give both workers and managers an understanding of the potential risk of injuries, their causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment.

ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS

Small business: workers/union representatives managers/supervisors maintenance or facilities staff safety and health personnel purchasing personnel

ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS

Large business: engineers human resources personnel health care providers ergonomist all listed under small business

ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS

Di Indonesia >> dikerjakan oleh K3 Di perusahaan yg > kecil 1 orang yg menjalankan program Ex: supervisor tg jwb dlm pembelian adanya ergonomic awareness membantu perkakas/alat kerja yang ergonomis

Ergonomi
Pada dasarnya bukanlah suatu disiplin ilmu > merupakan teknik gabungan beberapa disiplin ilmu untuk memecahkan masalah yang timbul akibat pekerjaan dan lingkungan kerja.

PENGERTIAN
1. Penerapan ilmu biologi manusia dalam hubungannya dengan ilmu teknik untuk memperoleh hasil optimal dalam pengaturan manusia dan pekerjaannya dengan keuntungan berupa efisiensi dan kesejahteraan (ILO) 2. Studi ilmiah ttg pekerj. manusia (the scientific study of human work)

Fokus Perhatian Ergonomi

kapabilitas fisik dan mental keterbatasan pekerja saat berinteraksi dg perkakas & alat kerja metode kerja pekerjaan lingkungan kerja.

Tujuan Ergonomi
Mengurangi WMSDs dengan menyesuaikan pekerjaan dengan pekerja, bukan sebaliknya (agar pekerja menyesuaikan terhadap pekeraannya).

Bidang Ilmu Yang Mendasari

Lihat skema

WMSDs?
Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders

Injuries and risk factors

What are Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)?

Common types and symptoms of injury

Causes and prevention of injury

What are Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)?

Also known as:
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) Overuse injuries Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) Musculo Skeletal Injuries (MSIs) Musculo Skeletal Disorders (MSDs) Soft tissue injuries

Usually develop gradually, but sometimes can appear suddenly Can be serious, if not taken care of early

What are some of the symptoms of WMSDs?

Discomfort Pain Numbness Tingling

Burning Swelling Change in color Tightness, loss of flexibility

What causes WMSDs?

Risk Factors
Awkward Postures High Hand Force Repetitive Motions Repeated Impacts Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting Moderate to High Hand-Arm Vibration

Risk Factors
Risk of injury depends upon:
Duration (how long) Frequency (how often) Intensity (how much) Combinations of risk factors

Risk Factors
Duration
usually need hours of exposure before risk factors become a concern Can be all at one time or cumulative over the day

Risk factors for WMSDs

Awkward postures

Neutral postures

Head level

Shoulders relaxed Elbows at sides Wrists straight Low back supported

Feet supported

Standing neutral posture

Seated neutral posture

Hands over head or elbows above shoulders

For more than 2 hours per day

Neck bent more than 30

For more than 2 hours per day

Back bent more than 30

For more than 2 hours per day

Squatting
For more than 2 hours per day

Kneeling
For more than 2 hours per day

Wrists bent

Reducing awkward postures

Change workstation heights & display heights
Tilt or rotate the work Use platforms Bring items within easy reach Pause to stretch

Reducing awkward postures

Case Study

Risk Factors for WMSDs

High hand force

High hand force

A power grip can be 5 times stronger than a pinch grip

Gripping with the whole hand

10 lbs. of weight or force for more than 2 hours per day

Pinching with the fingertips

2 lbs. of weight or 4 lbs. of force for more than 2 hours per day

Other factors
Your grip strength decreases when you:
Bend your wrists Pick up slippery items

Wear poorly fitting gloves

Have cold hands

Avoid pinch grips

Pick objects up from the bottom using whole hand
Attach handles or use lift tools

Build up handles on small tools to reduce grip force

Reduce power grip force

Pick up smaller loads Use power tools instead of hand tools Keep tools in good working order Use lighter tools or tool balancers Use two hands

Keep your wrists straight

Avoid holding onto objects for long periods

Use clamps to hold onto work
Place items on carts rather than carrying them Put down a tool when not actually using it

Use tool balancers

Case Study

Tool use example

Working with bent wrists decreases grip strength

Use tools that let you keep your wrist straight

Risk factors for WMSDs

Highly repetitive motions

Highly repetitive motion

For more than 2 hours per day

Reducing repetition
Arrange work to avoid unnecessary motions Let power tools and machinery do the work Spread repetitive work out during the day Take stretch pauses Rotate task with co-workers if possible Change hands or motions frequently

Reducing repetitive motions

Case Study

Intensive keying
For more than 4 hours per day

Reducing intensive keying

Spread keyboard work throughout the day Use macros for common functions Take stretch pauses Improve your posture and move around as much as possible

Risk factors for WMSDs

Repeated impacts

Repeated impacts
Using the hand or knee as a hammer more than 10 times per hour, more than 2 hours per day

Avoiding repeated impacts

Use tools instead of your hand or knee

Risk factors for WMSDs

Heavy, frequent or awkward lifting

Heavy lifting
Lifting 75 lbs. once per day Lifting 55 lbs. more than 10 times per day

Reducing heavy lifting

Take smaller loads at one time Use mechanical assistance handtrucks, carts, hoists, conveyors Get help from a coworker

Frequent lifting
Lifting more than 10 lbs., more than twice per minute, for more than 2 hours per day

Reducing frequent lifting

Use mechanical assistance Slide objects instead of lifting them Rotate lifting tasks with co-workers if possible

Awkward lifting
Lifting more than 25 lbs. above the shoulders, below the knees or at arms length more than 25 times per day

Reducing awkward lifts

Store items where you wont have to bend or reach to lift them Use rolling stairs to get items down from high shelves

Safe lifting technique

Risk factors for WMSDs

Moderate to high handarm vibration

Vibration
Moderate levels of vibration for 2 hours per day High levels of vibration for 30 minutes per day

Reducing vibration
Use low vibration tools if available Maintain tools Use tool wraps or anti-vibration gloves Keep hands warm

If you have identify a caution zone, what next ?

Analyze it by using table 2 (do it thoroughly and systematically)
Pay attention on physical demands of the job (body position, force, repetition) The lay out of the work area (reaches, working heights The load lifting and handling requirements of the job (object size and shape)

 If the physical risk factor exceed table 2 A HAZARD IS PRESENT TAKE ACTION !!
Changes to workstations and tools Reducing the size and weights of loads handled Process redesign to eliminate unnecessary steps or introduce task variety Job rotation

If the action cannot reduce hazards

While looking for alternatives to solve the problems permanently
PPE team lifting training of work technique

How to see the check list

Go to acrobat reader doc.(hazard assessment check list-table 2) page 7-14

What you can do:

Recognize and report symptoms early Get involved in ergonomics

Symptom recognition and reporting

Report symptoms if:
Pain is persistent, severe or worsening Pain radiates Symptoms include numbness or tingling Symptoms keep you from sleeping at night

Why is it important to report symptoms early?

Chronic injuries sometimes lead to disability, even surgery Early treatment more successful

Getting involved
Look at jobs and help identify problems Come up with solutions Work with solutions Take part in training Take responsibility for changing the way you do your job Help to make sure efforts are successful

Six key points to remember

1 Ergonomics can help you on your job 2 Employers have to implement ergonomics if caution zone jobs
are present

3 Risk factors can be reduced and WMSDs prevented

4 You can help your company put ergonomics changes into place

5 WMSDs can happen in jobs with risk factors

6 Reporting symptoms early is important

Purposes
To Identify specific work place hazards that can cause or aggravate work-related MSIs, and than to reduce the workers exposure

 It does not and cannot eliminate all MSIs among affected workers Its only reduce incidence / severity of MSIs caused in whole or in part of the risk factors listed in in the hazard assessment checklist Non work-exposures and risk factors inherent individual worker are not addressed Use of this recommendation is voluntary

Is this a caution zone job?

A caution zone job is a job where workers typical work activities meet one or more of the physical risk factors and level listed in table 1 Typical work activities are those that are regular and forseeable part of the job , > 1 day/week , > 1 week/year Caution zone job all have sufficient degree of risk -> need some precautionary steps be taken (ergonomic awareness training and hazard assessment)-but they do not necessarily have risks great enough to require corrective action Caution zone may not be hazardous

The duration list in table 1 (see acrobat reader doc , page 3)

Two hours refer to the total amount of time workers exposed to the risk factors, not how long they spend performing the work activity that includes the risk factor

What action that employer should take

If there are no physical risk factor exceeding the level list in table 1 NO ACTIONS ARE REQUIRED If 1 physical risk factors exceed the level list in table 1CAUTION ZONE JOB ergonomic awareness training to provide workers with a basic level of understanding knowledge

The training for workers should include:

How to use their work station, including how to adjust its equipment and furnishings How to use or select tools appropriate to the work they are performing The safe work practices they are expected to follow; and Information describing the signs, symptoms and methods of preventing MSIs

When should a hazard performance be performed

When work process or operation changes When a new work process is introduced Prior to the design and installation and a new workstation Affected worker should be involved in hazard assessment

Ergonomics Rule: Major features

Do you have caution zone jobs?
No Not covered No requirements
No hazards present

Yes Two requirements:

Awareness education Evaluate caution zone jobs for hazards

Hazards present

Annual review

No additional requirements

Reduce exposure below the hazard level or to the degree feasible

Annual review