Professional Documents
Culture Documents
International Transportation
International Transportation
L R F
S
T
WNA
LR – Lloyd’s Register
TF – Tropical Fresh Water
F – Fresh Water
T – Tropical Seas
S – Summer Seas
W – Winter Seas
WNA – Winter, North Atlantic Ocean
Size Categories : The ships which pass through panama
are called Panamax ship. Such ships have 75000 tons dead
M wide & 23m draft. In 1996, Suez canal was widened &
deepened
Capesize Ships –large dry bulk carriers of a capacity greater
sea by lightering
• The largest container ship is Regina Maersk – 302 m long, 43 m wide &12
m draft & DWT – 65,600 ton.
Types of Vessels
Containership – 60% of world trade is containerized. They rely on port
cranes to unload cargo. Some container ships have their cranes.
Roll on/roll off ships – 1. Ships were created to accommodate cargo that
was self propelled, such as automobiles etc.
5. They are essentially floating parking garages.
6. RORO ships have a portion of their hull that opens up and acts as a ramp
on which the vehicles are driven before being parked, on decks of the ship.
7. Opening on the side of the ship or its stern (rear). 5. Specialized equipment
not required. 6. They have adjustable decks. 7. No stevedoring labor
required. It is cheap
Break Bulk Ships
Least homogeneous category of ships
They are multipurpose ships which carry all sizes of cargo
Because of containerized ships, RORO ships, break bulk ships
requirement is decreasing
Cargo being of different , require different handling
equipment
Securing load on decks is expensive
They stay in ports longer as discharge rate is low
They have flexibility of handling any cargo
They have crane on board therefore can handle cargo without
difficulty
Almost no new break bulk ship has been built during the last
15 years
Combination ships are increasing
Combination Ships
• Can carry allsorts of cargo in a single voyage
• They have several holds which hold all types of cargo
• It has also tween deck or a deck below main deck
• Vehicles, break bulk cargo can be accommodated
• It can also carry containers
• It has cranes
• They operate in shipping lanes that have low volume of
trade
Lash Ships
• Lighter aboard ships (LASH) is quite versatile
• It carries a standardized units of cargo
• Unit is large in size 385 metric tons
• Unit can also float, they are called (LASH) barges
• They are 18 m long, 9 m wide & 3 m deep
• Each barge is covered with a hatch cover & is watertight
• Capacity of ship is 80 Lash barges
• It allows very fast loading & unloading
• They can call on ports where lifting facilities are inadequate
• Loading & unloading at anchor possible
• Cargo barges can be delivered at any place
Crude Carrier
• Dedicated for petroleum products like crude
• Refined crude carrier called product carriers
• Large ships can call on some ports only
• They stay at anchor points
• Crude is discharged at anchorage point called lighterage
• Floating island is used for discharging crude. VLCC or
ULCC are connected to floating island. by pipeline
Dry - Bulk Carriers
• Operate as oil tanker basis
• Chartered for whole voyage
• Agricultural products, ores, scrap etc
• They are generally small in size 10,000 DWT
• Refrigerated ships called “reefer ships”
• Some ships carry vegetable oils, etc
• Chemical tankers
Gas Carriers
• They carry LNG, LPG
• Long term contracts called time charter parties
• They have sailing schedule
Flying Flag
1993 2013
Large
175 Small
Large
862
Small 777
Medium 476
357
Medium
575
IATA ( International Air Transport Association )
found that the average delivery time for air
cargo was 6.5 days point to point
This time has decreased to 6 days
Wealthiest regions in the world use air tours
portal for exotic food, medicines etc.
Four major air cargo markets – North Atlantic
transpacific, Europe – Far East & US domestic
make three quarters of the total market
Three forms of air cargo carriers: Integrated
carries & FedEx & UPS. Scheduled Couriers
offering cargo services. Chartered carriers are
specialized all cargo couriers
Cargo containers used for air cargo are very
different from that used for other modes of
transport
Inter modal size containers (8X8X20) are used
for cargo only on freighters
Four Distinct Markets for Air Cargo
Mail – used in official postal service
Express transportation – It is defined by FedEx
is faster growing. Delivery is time definite
Courier – It is an extension of air express.
Delivery is either same day or next day flight.
They can track the package
Courier service is expensive because someone
has to be at the airport 24 hours to get
packages passed through customs
Freight – Mostly larger packages are moved
Moving large packages by express is expensive
However difference between express & freight
is diminishing
Air cargo company has to satisfy expectations
of both the parties
Perishables is a golden market
Perishable Imports World wide
(breakdown)
Meat and animal products –0.241
Pharmaceuticals -0.017
Dairy products -0.139
Nuts -0.115
Fish & Sea food -0.114
Miscellaneous -0.062
Vegetables -0.055
Flowers & Plants -0.040
Fruits -0.033
Chocolates & Candy -0.030
Distribution of Costs
Value added services -0.082
Local pickup -0.089
Transportation in refrigerated truck –0.144
Export service & customs -0.015
Air cargo -0.049
Import service & customs -0.091
Warehousing -0.090
Forces & constraints for Air Cargo Growth
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Characteristics of Air Cargo
• Perishable Commodities
• Subject to quick obsolescence
• Required on short notice
• Valuable relative to weight
• Expensive to handle or store
• When demand is unpredictable, infrequent, in
excess of local supply, seasonal
• When distribution problems include:
– Risk of pilferage, breakage, deterioration
– High insurance costs for long in transit periods
– Heavy or expensive packaging required for
surface transportation
– Special handling or case needed
– Warehousing or stocks in excess of what would
be needed if air freight were used
Aviation Economics
Two major factors influence the growth of air
cargo: economic conditions & rate level
Yield Management – It is the way air carrier
gets maximum amount from each unit (cargo)
carried
Volume of traffic – Higher volume lower rates
Characteristics of the traffic – Cargo density
size per piece, average weight of the shipment
Volume of the service – Needs of customer
Competition
Aviation Regulation
International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
Used to regulate price but not now
International Civil Aeronautic Organisation –
Safety standards, technical standards
First freedom, over flight – Right to fly in a
country’s air space
Second freedom service stops – Right to
stop for servicing of the plane, refueling etc
Third freedom, passenger deliver – Right to
bring revenue passenger from foreign
country
This requires bilateral agreements
• Fourth freedom, Repatriation – Right to bring
revenue passengers from a foreign country to home
country
• Fifth freedom on carriage – The right to bring
revenue passengers from one foreign country to
another
• Sixth freedom , Cabot age – The right to carry
passengers within a country
• Seventh freedom, All arrangement apply but for
cargo
PORT OF MUMBAI
Mumbai port has long has been principal Gateway to
India.
It is situated almost midway ( Latitude 18o
54’N.Longitude 72049’E) on the west coast of India.
It is a natural deep water Harbor of about 400sqKm.
Approaches to harbour are well lighted, visible
29km.
Channel has been deepened to 11 m with a mean
high water neap tide of 33m. Channel is adequate to
meet the requirements of large vessels, passenger
ships & deep drafted takers.
Navigation is allowed round the clock.
Three wet clocks:Indira, Prince’s & Victoria, total water area
of 46.30 hectares & a qua yage of 7776 meters.
Indira Dock has an Entrance Lock 228.6 m long & 30.5 m
wide.
21 berths& 5 berths along harbour wall – 9.14m draft & 7.5
m Depth of berths can be increased by 1.2 m by impounding
water by pumps.
Two berths at ballard Pier – 224 m long, 9.75 m deep.
For handling crude oil, petroleum products, there are four
jetties at Jawahar Dweep. Tanker of 12.7 m draft & 1,23,000
tonnage can be handled.
Two of the jetties can take tanker of 70,000 T. & 228.6 m
long & third one can take 213.4m & 48,000 T. tanker.
Chemical & POL products are handled at two jetties at Pir Pau
Pin pass can accommodate tankers of 170.7 m long & new
jetty can handle 197 m long & 10.5 m draft tanker.
Open bunders can also handle sailing vessels traffic.
Two dry docks 304 m long & other 160 m long.
Transit sheds at most of the berths.
STORAGE & HANDLING
There are liquid storage tanks for HSD,
FO, Veg. oil, etc.
Total covered storage area of 3,17,857,
& open area 1,41,401 & slots 12,802. Sq
m.
Cargo handling equipments like wharf
cranes over 6 tonnes, shore cranes/
gantries 35.5 ton.
Mobile cranes 14 tonnes, 20 tonnes.
Tractors 6000 lb per pull.
Portainer 35.5 Tonn.
Reach Stackers 43 T & 45 T.
Port Railway of its own 11
locomotives.
Rail container depot which can
handle two trains of 45 with
double discharge facilities.
Nicnet connectivity
Internet
ISO 9001 – 2000 certification.
State of the art Vessel Traffic Management
Systems ( VTMS) for tracking & guidance of the
ships.
MIS
GPS based marine survey system.
Computerization of port operation &
management.
Flotilla of dredgers
Hopper barges of 225 – 300 T capacity
Tugs from 320 HP to 1500 BHP
Pilot Launches & other Launches
Fire Floats
Survey Vessel
PORT CHARGES
PORT DUES
• Foreign going vessels of 3000 T & upwards –
17 US cents per G.R.T.
• Foreign going vessels of 3000T & below 12 US
cents
• Coasting Vessels 3000T & upwards Rs.1.6/
GRT
• Coasting Vessels 3000T & below Rs.1.10 GRT
PIER DUES
• Rs.1.2 per GRT for 8hrs subject to minimum
Rs.1200
• Rs.25 for every boat / barge for 8 hrs.
BERTH HIRE CHARGE
• Coasting vessel Rs.0.75 / GRT for 8 hrs.
• Foreign going US Cent 4.7 / GRT
Pilotage, Tug Assistance, Towage
•Vessels maneuvering with their engine
• Coasting (varies) Rs.3.85 / GRT / day
•Foreign going (varies) US cent 26.4 / GRT /day
•Charges for harbor tug for mooring vessel
Rs.1.1/GRT/day & US Cent 12.1/GRT/day.
•Pilotage charge
•Mooring fees
•Attendance/ cancellation / Detention for harbor Tug.
1. Hire of launches & tank barges.
2. Anchorage Fees
3. Charges on cargo containers,
containerised cargo & container
equipment.
4. Licence (Storage) Fees on containers for
the period of storage of containers.
5. Charges for port trust labour for stuffing
or destuffing of cargo.
6. Telephone charges.
7. Craneage charges.
8. Mobile crane & equipment.
9. Port trust labour requisitioned &
supplied but not fully or properly
utilized.
1. Dry docks – docking & unloading.
2. Occupation of dry docks.
3. Wharfage.
4. License fees for water conveyance.
5. Charges for operation of the catamarans,
hovercrafts, speed boats.
6. Wharfage for POL.
7. Free days – 3 days free of demurrage.
8. Demurrage on import cargo – Rs.25/day/tonne for
first 30 days.
9. Exports – Non containerised cargo.
10.Containerized cargo export / import.