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Measurement of Pressure
Measurement of Pressure
GC Saeed Awan (199) GC Waleed Tahir (202) GC Saddam Hussain (204) GC Talha Najeeb (205) GC Tanzil ur Rehman (206)
Introduction Of Transducers
Transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, or electromechanical, that converts one type of energy to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer.
It must produce the output which depends on some way on the input quantity/measurand. Transducers are divided into two types: Active Transducer Passive Transducer
Active Transducers
An active transducer does not require an external power supply to provide an output signal. These transducers usually rely upon magnetic inductance or piezoelectric effects to produce their output signals. Ex. Piezoelectric crystal used for acceleration measurement
Measurand is converted into output without any other form of energy requirements.
They are also called self generating type transducers.
Piezoelectric sensor
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure ,acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical charge Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors measure dynamic pressures. They are generally not suited for static pressure measurements. Dynamic pressure measurements including turbulence, blast, ballistics and engine combustion under varying conditions may require sensors with special capabilities Internal generation of electric charge resulting from an applied mechanical force.
Passive Transducers
Passive transducers need an external power supply in order to amplify the input and generate an output signal. All passive transducers change one of, or a combination of, the three general circuit parameters; resistance, inductance, or capacitance. Ex. Potentiometer is used for measurement of pressure, displacement and position.
These transducers produce the output signal in the form of variation in resistance, capacitance, inductance or some other electrical parameter in response to the quantity to be measured
The variable resistance transducer elements work on the principle that the resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and inversely proportional to the area of the conductor. Thus if L is the length of the conductor (in m) and A is its area (in m square), its resistance (in ohms) is given by: R = L/A.
L is the length ,A is cross sectional area and p is resistivity of the resistance material. So resistance can be changed if any of these value p ,L or A is changed.
Measurand is connected to the resistance in such a way that it varies any one of its parameters. A change in the value or R is proportional to the measurand. Thus the measurand can be measured by measuring the change in resistance Where is called as resistivity of the material and it is constant for he materials and is measured in ohm-m.
The resistance of some materials also changes with the change in their temperature. This principle is primarily used for the measurement of temperature
Some of the variable resistive transducers are: Sliding wire(potentiometer) Strain gauge Load cell RTD Thermistor Hot wire anemometer Carbon microphone Humidity sensor
Capacitive Transducers measure the pressure by measuring the change in capacitance. Where capacitance is given by, C= A/D.
Where C= Capacitance in Farads A=Area of cross section of plates in square meters
Two types: Single plate & Double plate Accuracy up to 0.1 to 0.2% of span Pressure range: 0.8kpa to 35kpa Second to strain gauges Elastic element: Ni, stainless steel Exposed to process pressure on one side and reference pressure on the other.
The variable capacitance used to convert physical phenomena into electrical signals is called a variable capacitance transducer.
As there is no movement so there is no wear and the life expectancy quoted is 200 years.
The major problem with these transducers is their high impedance which makes them very suspectible to noise.
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