Prsentation BBM 502 On the topic DATA TABULATION P

Presented By: Jyoti Satsangi Roll No. 097518

Definitions
Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data & displaying the same in compact form.(i.e. in the form of statistical tables) for further analysis. According to Connor Tabulation involves the
orderly & systematic presentation of numerical data in a form of designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.

According to Nieswanger A statistical table is a

systematic organization of data in columns & rows.

Components of Data Tabulation

Table number Title The subject matter Time Basis of classification Captions & Stubs Head notes Body Source

Types of Data Tabulation

Simple or one way tabulation Double or two way tabulation Complex tabulation

Objectives of Data Tabulation

Simplify the complex problem so that it can be easily understood Tabulation makes the data brief, therefore it can be easily presented in the form of graphs. It facilitates the process of comparison It provides a basis for various statistical computations It conserves space & reduces explanatory & descriptive statement to a minimum.

Contd.
Tabulation makes it easy to analyze the data from tables. Tabulation is very cheap mode to present the data. It serves time as well as space.

Principles of the Data Tabulation

Every table should have a clear concise & adequate title . Every table should be identified by a number to facilitate easy reference The captions (or column headings) & the row headings (stubs) should be clear and brief. The units of measurement under each heading must always be indicated. The columns may be numbered to facilitate reference.

 Any explanatory footnotes concerning the table itself are placed directly beneath the table , along with the reference symbols used in the table . Sources from where the data in the table have been obtained must be indicated just below the table. There should be thick lines to separate the data under one class from the data under another class & the lines separating subdivisions of the classes should be comparatively thin.

 All column figures should be properly aligned. Decimal points and 'plus' or 'minus' signs should be in perfect alignment. Columns and rows which are to be compared with one another should be brought close together. Totals of rows should be placed at the extreme right column and totals of columns at the bottom. Miscellaneous and exceptional items are generally placed in the last row of the table.

 Abbreviations should be avoided whenever possible and ditto marks should not be used in a table. The arrangement of the categories in a table may be chronological, geographical, alphabetical or according to magnitude. Numerical categories are usually arranged in descending order of magnitude. The table should be made as logical, clear, accurate and simple as possible.

Example
Leverocks waterfront steakhouse in Maderia Beach, Florida, USA. Uses a questions to ask customers how they rate the food quality at the restaurant. Each characteristics is rated on a scale of Outstanding (O), Very good (V), Good (G), Average (A) & poor(P). GAOVOVGOVAVOPVOGAOOOGO VVAGOVPVOOGOOVOGAOVOOG VAG

Table no. 1.1 Frequency distribution

Classes
O V G A P Total
(sample size: 47 customers) %age Frequency Relative frequency Frequency

18 12 9 6 2 47

0.38 0.26 0.19 0.13 0.04 1.00

38 26 19 13 4 100

Graphical Presentation
20

frequency

15 10 5 0

Classes

Limitations of Data Tabulation

Tables contain only numerical data. They do not contain details. Qualitative expression is not possible through tables. Tables can be used by experts only to draw conclusions. Common men do not understand them properly.

Bibliography
Websites www.emathzone.com www.publishyourarticles.org www.tpub.com www.nthanalytics.com www.enviroliteracy.org Book Research Methodology, Methods &Techniques -C.R.Kothari