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Endocrine: Jim Pierce Bi 145b Lecture 10, 2009-10
Endocrine: Jim Pierce Bi 145b Lecture 10, 2009-10
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is concerned with internal secretions endo- -crine
What makes up the endocrine system? (Actually quite a difficult question)
Endocrine System
Distance of Hormone Action
Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine
We typically leave out local hormones The grey area occurs because no hormone is purely local.
Endocrine System
The classic members:
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Endocrine Pancreas Thyroid Parathyroids Adrenals Gonads
Endocrine System
The classic members are useful for learning
They are important They provide order to learning They introduce key concepts (hormonal axis)
Endocrine Pancreas
The majority of the pancreas is a secretory exocrine gland
A minority of the pancreas is an secretory endocrine gland These collections of endocrine cells are called the Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine Pancreas
Endocrine Pancreas
Islets contain:
Alpha Cells Beta Cells Delta Cells PP Cells - Glucagon - Insulin - Somatostatin - Pancreatic Polypeptide (15-20%) (65-80%) (3-10%) (< 1%)
Endocrine Pancreas
Hypothalamus
Anatomy and Microanatomy
Lives in the Diencephalon
Inferomedial to Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Anatomy and Microanatomy
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic Nuclei
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Somatostatin Dopamine
Pitutary Gland
Anatomy and Microanatomy
Lives in the Skull Base in its own compartment Sella Turcica
Pituitary Gland
Sella Turcica (Turkish Saddle) Located in Sphenoid Bone
Pituitary Gland
Gross View
Posterior
Anterior
Pituitary Gland
The gland consists of two grossly identifiable parts
Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary
Pituitary Gland
Microscopically, there are many more parts
Posterior The functional division between anterior and posterior stays true. Anterior
Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary
Has Neurons
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary
Has Endocrine Cells
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary hangs off the hypothalamus Blood Supply is in three steps
Arterial supply arrives at the hypothalamus via the Circle of Willis
Pituitary Gland
Next, the venous drainage from the Hypothalamus goes to the Pituitary
This is called the Portal System Just like in the gut and liver
Pituitary Gland
After passing through the Portal System and carrying hypothalamic hormones to the pituitary
The venous blood, carrying pituitary hormones, returns to the systemic veins
Pituitary Gland
Just like the portal system of the gut gives the liver first crack at gut absorbed stuff
This portal system gives the pituitary first crack at secreted hypothalamic hormones
Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary
Cell Bodies in Hypothalamus
Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei
Posterior Pituitary
Histologically, its not that interesting (Looks like nerves)
Anterior Pituitary
Cell Bodies look like Glands
Anterior Pituitary
Depending on the stain
Some cells like stain: Chromophils
Acidophils Basophils Neutrophils
Anterior Pituitary
Why stain differently?
Each Cell produces one and only one hormone.
Pituitary Development
The two regions of pituitary have separate origins
Anterior = Endoderm Posterior = Neuroectoderm
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
GH PRL ACTH TSH FSH LH Growth hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone
Pituitary Gland
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Pineal Gland
Pineal gland
Early Chordates histologically resembles eye Hypothesized to regulate day-night cycles
Pineal Gland
Located between superior colliculi In Humans 8 mm in size
Pineal Gland
Located inside Meninges Very Vascular
Pineal Gland
Secretes Melatonin
Thyroid Gland
Lives in the Neck
Derived from the Branchial Arches
Thyroid Gland
Consists of Lobes
Right and Left Isthmus Pyramidal
Thyroid Gland
Foramen Cecum inside the mouth develops into a small diverticulum
This is dragged towards the chest during body folding
Thyroid Gland
Foramen Cecum lies medial to 1st and 2nd arches
Thyroid Gland
Branchial Arches
Foramen Cecum becomes Thyroid Third and Fourth Arches become Parathyroids Third Arch becomes Thymus
Thyroid Gland
Pyramidal Lobe is the remnant Right and Left Lobes are the main gland
Thyroid Gland
Heavily Vascular (Like most glands)
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage from Branchial Arches
Thyroid Gland
The gland consists of Thyroid Follicles
Cuboidal Epithelium Central Colloid Supportive Stroma Parafollicular Cells
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)
C-Cells
Calcitonin
Parathyroids
Aptly named glands that live around thyroid:
Branchial Arches
Foramen Cecum becomes Thyroid Third and Fourth Arches become Parathyroids Third Arch becomes Thymus
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid
Adrenal Glands
These are paired suprarenal glands Embryologically: Cortex forms first
Gonadal Ridge
Adrenal Glands
Histologically,
Its quite easy to see the difference between CORTEX and MEDULLA
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids - cortisol Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone Androgens (including testosterone)
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Gonads
Liver
Insulin-like growth factor Angiotensinogen Thrombopoietin
Skin
Calciferol (vitamin D3)
Adipose tissue
Leptin
Questions?