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OVERVIEW
Fault and its causes GPS Technique Fault Location Methods Concept of travelling waves Functional block diagram Advantages and disadvantages Summary
GPS SIGNAL
GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals. Civilian GPS uses frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by line of sight.
A GPS signal contains three different bits of information. - a pseudorandom code, -ephemeris data, - almanac data.
FAULT LOCATION
TRAVELLING WAVE
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
TRAVELLING WAVES
Faults on the transmission system cause transients that propagate along the transmission line as waves.
The voltage and current at any point x obey the partial differential Equations
Where L and C are the inductance and capacitance of the line per unit length.
Hewlett-Packard has developed a GPS-based sub microsecond timing system that has proven reliable in several utility traveling wave projects.
OPERATION
Traveling wave fault locators make use of the transient signals generated by the fault. The fault location is determined by accurately time-tagging the arrival of the traveling wave at each end of the line and comparing the time difference to the total propagation time of the line. Precisely synchronized clocks are the key element in the implementation of this fault location technique. The required level of clock accuracy has only recently been available at reasonable cost with the introduction of the Global Positioning System.
FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT
DETECTION UNIT
A/D CONVERTER
DETECTION UNIT
The detection system(Analog) consists of
1 2 3
ADDER
recording
Amplitude comparison
counters
Decision logic
RELAY DESIGN
Three CVTs connect the transient detector unit to the line and detect the voltage signal level. The communication unit also uses CVTs and a hybrid unit to connect the two circuits i.e., Transmitter and Receiver circuits. The transient detector is used to detect the fault generated signals and to record the time tag obtained from the GPS receiver. All the relays connected to the system receive this time tag information from the transmitter circuit.
ADVANTAGES
Fast response time.
High speed
Accurate fault location within 300 meters range. Fault detection is possible in worst climatic conditions also
Accuracy of GPS
Protects several lines connected to the bus bar where it is installed.
ACCURACY OF GPS
12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings with tall buildings. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS.
Satellite geometry/shading.
Intentional degradation of the satellite signal
CONCLUSION
Thus the use of GPS in protection of transmission systems is beneficial in the respects like -Value regarding programmatic goals -Technical merit -Overall performance
FUTURE SCOPE
Future scope of the system rely mostly on the advanced GPS satellites such as WAAS(WIDE AREA AUGMENTTION SYSTEM) which gives fault location accuracy within three meter range.