PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses varied in proportion to the corresponding sampled values of a continuous message signal. Pulses can be of a rectangular form or some other appropriate shape. Pulse-amplitude modulation is similar to natural sampling, where the message signal is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses.

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

ADVANTAGES PAM It has simple transmitter and receiver designs. It is used to carry information as well as to generate other pulse modulations DISADVATANGES PAM Amplitude keeps varying so there is noise associated with it. It requires high bandwidth. Due to amplitude variation peak power of receiver also varies with it

DISADVANTAGES PAM
Amplitude keeps varying so there is noise associated with it. It requires high bandwidth. Due to amplitude variation peak power of receiver also varies with it

PICTURE
EXAMPLE

PAM SIGNAL

 For minimum distortion,the sampling rate should be more than twice the signal frequency.There are two operations involved in the generation of PAM signal: Instataneous sampling of the message signal m(t) every Ts seconds, where the sampling rate fs = 1/Ts is chosen. 2.Lengthening the duration of each sample so obtained to some constant value T.

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

the width of the carrier pulse is varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, while the amplitude remains constant

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Advantages of PWM : Noise is less in PWM as the amplitude is kept constant. The signal and noise separation is easy. The PWM does not require synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Disadvantages of PWM : Large bandwidth is required for PWM communication as compared to PAM. The transmitter should be able to handle more power (equal to the power of the maximum width pulse).

PULSE POSTION MODULATION

also sometimes known as pulse-phase modulation the amplitude and width of the pulse is kept constant in the system the position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse, is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave

PULSE POSTION MODULATION

ADVANTAGES has a higher noise immunity requiring constant transmitter power since the pulses are of constant amplitude and duration signal and noise separation is very easy DISADVANTAGES depending on transmitter-receiver synchronization highly sensitive to multipath way interference

PICTURE PPM

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

The amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second. In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.

PICTURE ASK

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave

ADVANTAGES It rejects unwanted signals (noise) Automatic volume control methods may be used to minimize the effects of signal fading. FSK may be satisfactory at nominal power. The power ratio (fsk versus AM) would become infinite in such a case. DISADVANTAGES

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

ADVANTAGES Require more bandwidth Phase modulation is easy matched against frequency modulation. DISADVANTAGES Transmit power is lower Require frequency multiplier to maximize phase modulation index