BONDING AND PROPERTIES

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What promotes bonding? What types of bonds are there? What properties are formed from bonding?

orbital electrons: n = principal quantum number 1 2 n=3

BOHR ATOM
Adapted from Fig. 2.1, Callister 6e.

Nucleus: Z = # protons = 1 for hydrogen to 94 for plutonium N = # neutrons Atomic mass A Z + N

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ELECTRON ENERGY STATES Electrons...

have discrete energy states tend to occupy lowest available energy state.

STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

Stable electron configurations...

have complete s and p subshells tend to be unreactive.

Adapted from Table 2.2, Callister 6e.

SURVEY OF ELEMENTS Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.

Electron configuration 1s 1 1s 2 (stable) 1s 22s 1 1s 22s 2 Adapted from Table 2.2, 1s 22s 22p 1 Callister 6e. 1s 22s 22p 2 ... 1s 22s 22p 6 (stable) 1s 22s 22p 63s 1 1s 22s 22p 63s 2 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 1 ... 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 6 (stable) ... 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 24 6 (stable)

Why?

Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.

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THE PERIODIC TABLE Columns: Similar Valence Structure

Adapted from Fig. 2.6, Callister 6e.

Electropositive elements: Readily give up electrons to become + ions.

Electronegative elements: Readily acquire electrons to become - ions.

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ELECTRONEGATIVITY Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,

Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Smaller electronegativity

Larger electronegativity
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Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

IONIC BONDING
Occurs between + and - ions. Requires electron transfer. Large difference in electronegativity required. Example: NaCl

 Predominant bonding in Ceramics

EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING

NaCl MgO CaF 2 CsCl
Ti 1.5 Cr 1.6 Fe 1.8 Ni 1.8 Zn 1.8 As 2.0 He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn -

H 2.1 Li 1.0 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7 Fr 0.7

Be 1.5 Mg 1.2 Ca 1.0 Sr 1.0 Ba 0.9 Ra 0.9

O 3.5

F 4.0 Cl 3.0 Br 2.8 I 2.5 At 2.2

Give up electrons

Acquire electrons
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Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

COVALENT BONDING
Requires shared electrons Example: CH4

C: has 4 valence e, needs 4 more

H: has 1 valence e, needs 1 more

Electronegativities are comparable.
Adapted from Fig. 2.10, Callister 6e.

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H2
H 2.1 Li 1.0 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7
Fr 0.7

column IVA

EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING H2O

C(diamond)

F2
He -

Be 1.5 Mg 1.2 Ca 1.0

Sr 1.0 Ba 0.9

SiC
Ti 1.5 Fe 1.8 Ga 1.6

C 2.5 Si 1.8
Ni 1.8 Zn 1.8

O 2.0

F 4.0 Cl 3.0 Br 2.8 I 2.5

At 2.2

Ne Ar Kr Xe -

Cl2

Cr 1.6

Ge 1.8
Sn 1.8 Pb 1.8

As 2.0

Rn -

Ra 0.9

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

GaAs

Molecules with nonmetals Molecules with metals and nonmetals Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table) Compound solids (about column IVA)

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 Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons

METALLIC BONDING

(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).

Adapted from Fig. 2.11, Callister 6e.

Primary bond for metals and their alloys

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SECONDARY BONDING Arises from interaction between dipoles

Fluctuating dipoles

Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e.

Permanent dipoles-molecule induced

-general case: -ex: liquid HCl -ex: polymer

Adapted from Fig. 2.14, Callister 6e.

Adapted from Fig. 2.14, Callister 6e.

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SUMMARY: BONDING
Type
Ionic

Bond Energy
Large!
Variable

Comments
Nondirectional (ceramics)
Directional semiconductors, ceramics polymer chains)

Covalent

large-Diamond small-Bismuth Variable

Metallic

large-Tungsten small-Mercury

Nondirectional (metals) Directional inter-chain (polymer)

Secondary

smallest

inter-molecular
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PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: TM

Bond length, r
F

Melting Temperature, Tm
F

r
Bond energy, Eo

Tm is larger if Eo is larger.

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 Elastic modulus, E

PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: E

Elastic modulus
F L =E Ao Lo

E ~ curvature at ro

Energy
unstretched length ro

E is larger if Eo is larger.

smaller Elastic Modulus

larger Elastic Modulus
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 Coefficient of thermal expansion, a

PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: a

coeff. thermal expansion
L = a (T2-T1) Lo

a ~ symmetry at ro

a is larger if Eo is smaller.

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Ceramics

SUMMARY: PRIMARY BONDS Large bond energy

large Tm large E small a
Variable bond energy

(Ionic & covalent bonding):

Metals

(Metallic bonding):

moderate Tm moderate E moderate a

Directional Properties

Polymers

(Covalent & Secondary):

Secondary bonding dominates small T small E large a

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