:

: Photothermal 1.
,

: 2.
Photoelectric

Solar collectors

:

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Solar thermal systems

( )


:
( 50 )
( 80 60 )
.

Solar thermal systems

flat-plate solar heater
(collector) :

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.
.



.

Solar Space Heating System

Auxiliary Heater

Thermal
Storage

Solar Collector

Pump

Space

A collector intercepts the suns energy.

A part of this energy is lost as it is absorbed by the cover glass or reflected
back to the sky.
Of the remainder absorbed by the collector, a small portion is lost by
convection and re-radiation, but most is useful thermal energy, which is then
transferred via pipes or ducts to a storage mass or directly to the load as
required

Hot Water

Collector

Pump

Cold Water
Supply

Types of solar collectors

Motion

Stationary

Singleaxis
tracking

Two-axes
tracking

Absorber
type

Concentratio
n ratio

Indicative
temperature
range (C)

Flat plate collector (FPC)

Flat

30-80

Evacuated tube collector (ETC)

Flat

50-200

Compound parabolic collector (CPC)

Tubular

1-5

60-240

5-15

60-300

Linear Fresnel reflector (LFR)

Tubular

10-40

60-250

Parabolic trough collector (PTC)

Tubular

15-45

60-300

Cylindrical trough collector (CTC)

Tubular

10-50

60-300

Parabolic dish reflector (PDR)

Point

100-1000

100-500

Heliostat field collector (HFC)

Point

100-1500

150-2000

Collector type

Note: Concentration ratio is defined as the aperture area divided by the receiver/absorber area of the collector.

 ()
Evacuated-tube heater

.

, 19 .
.

 Concentrating
:Collectors

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.

SOLAR
COOKERS



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.2
.3






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 Solar
Concentrating Collectors




:
-

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.

( )
Parabola



.

 Compound :
Parabolic Concentrator





Acceptance Angle

 .
( )




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-
.

-1

)Solar Ventilation Preheat (SVP

Focusing (Concentrating) Collectors

Tracking Collectors

 Sun Tracking :

) ( Sun Tracker
,
,
, %33

Sun Tracking

Modes of Tracking

Comparison of energy absorbed for various

modes of tracking
Tracking mode

Solar energy (kWh/m2)

Percent to full tracking

SS

WS

SS

WS

Full tracking

8.43

10.60

5.70

100.0

100.0

100.0

E-W Polar

8.43

9.73

5.23

100.0

91.7

91.7

N-S Horizontal

6.22

7.85

4.91

73.8

74.0

86.2

E-W Horizontal

7.51

10.36

4.47

89.1

97.7

60.9

Note: E - Equinoxes, SS - Summer Solstice, WS - Winter Solstice


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:

.1
()
.2

.3

.
901500


.
()
( ) Fresnel
. 315

Solar cooker
Principle : Sunlight is converted to heat energy
that is use for cooking purpose. This is done as
follows:
Concentrating sunlight.
Converting light to heat.
Trapping heat
Plastic Sheet

1. Box cooker
22-04-2010

2. Panel cooker
38

3. Parabolic dish

Solar Cookers
A solar oven or solar cooker is a device which uses
sunlight as its energy source.
There are different kinds of solar cookers available
in the market.Some of them are as follows :

Box cookers
Panel cookers
Solar kettles
Parabolic cookers

Basic principle of solar cooker

1. Concentrating sunlight
2. Converting light to heat
3. Trapping heat
So we can say that.. Once the contents of the vessel
have been sensibly heated up to the cooking
temperature (100C), the speed of cooking is
practically independent of heat rate as long as
thermal losses are supplied.
Differences in the time required to cook equal
quantities of food in cookers of various heat supply
capabilities are due mainly to different sensible


)(Solar Chimney

( )
.

 The Solar Chimney

1000 ( )
20



P= gh(c w ) Pa
h
c
w

v= (2 P w )^0.5 m/s

= PT/I A
= PT
=I
=A

P = cp A V3

 ( )

.
.

 Solar thermal power generation

What is solar thermal power all about



, .
.

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A typical Heliostat

 (
)

) (Tube

.
Flat ) (Parabolic
Sun tracker %33

parabolic concentrator systems.

Parabolic Trough Collectors

 ( )

) (Container

. ( )
.
%33

parabolic concentrator systems.

Concentration by parabolic concentrating

reflector for a beam parallel to the axis of
symmetry, and at an angle to the axis.

Passive solar heating/cooling









- .




.

-
( ).


Condenser

200 C

HR
Compressor

Turbine
Solar
Collector

Evaporator

10 kpa
Condenser

Air inlet
Cooling Capacity
Qe = 5 kW

Generator Absorber Condenser
Evaporator .



.






( - ) .



-







( ) .

 :







.

()



.1
.2

.3








Solar Still
Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation


.






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:
1-1
- .
- .
-.
- .
- .



:
- Central Receiver :

 - Dispersed Concentrators :


0






.




.

.






.

)P = mC (Thot - T cold

=P )(kWh/day
=m (kg/day), 3.785 kg/gallon
=C = 0.001167 kWh/kgC
= Thot () 50=120
= Tcold () 18= 65

:
:

)Ac = P / ( solar Imax

=Ac
=P )(kWh/day

= solar %40
=I max )(kWh/m2/day

Glazing: A material used in a solar collector

that transmits short-wavelength solar
radiation and blocks
longer-wavelength reradiation from the
absorber plate.
Natural circulation passive solar system: A
solar thermal system that uses natural means,
such as the
thermosyphon effect, for uid ow and heat
transfer.
Salt gradient solar pond: A solar pond that
uses high salt concentration in the lowest
layer and a
concentration gradient in the middle layer to
make those layers nonconvective.
Selective surface: A surface that has high
absorptance in short wavelengths and low
emittance in longer
wavelengths.
Solar hybrid combined cycle: A hybrid of solar
and natural gas turbine combined cycle.
Solar thermal collector: A solar collector that
absorbs sunlight and converts it to heat.