ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC :-

SPEEDOMETER
SUBMITTED

TO :MR. SHAKEEL IQBAL

PRESENTED BY :SHALINI YADAV

FP TECH. (SEMESTER 1 )

INTRODUCTION

A Speedometer is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of land vehicles. A speedometer is the device in a vehicle that measures and displays the speed, and is essential for safety purpose on roads and highways around the world. Now Universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the 1900s, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. The Speedometer was invented by Croatian Josip Belusic in 1888, and was originally called as Velocimeter A Speedometer on a Car, Truck or Motorcycle tells the driver how fast the vehicle is moving at any given time

TYPES OF SPEEDOMETER
1.

MECHANICAL

The mechanical speedometer used a cable attached to a gear found in the transmission when the gear rotated 1000 times (usually) the meter on your dash board was determined by a magnet. This worked because the revolving magnet rotated around a non magnetic speed cup, which produced a magnetic field. The magnetic field manipulated a pointer, which would point at the correct speed on your speedometer.
:-

SPEEDOMETER

2.

DIGITAL

is so common today which works with the use of a micro processor. There is a speed sensor in your transmission which keeps the track of your speed. The sensor transmits a signal to the speedometers microprocessors. The computer memory would send a signal to a circuit in the electronic display and this displays the digital numbers which correspond with the speed you are travelling.

SPEEDOMETER

:- The digital speedometer that

3.

QUARTZ

is the quartz crystal speed counter. A magnet in your transmission generates a signal which is processed by an electronic circuit and sends to either a quartz speedometer or a digital speedometer in your cars dash.

SPEEDOMETER

:- Another type of speedometer

SPEEDOMETER S IM AGE GALLERY :-

WORKING OF MECHANICAL SPEEDOMETER

A small permanent magnet affixed to the rotating cable interacts with a small aluminium cup (called as speed cup) attached to the shaft to the pointer on the analogue instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces eddy currents in the cup, which themselves produced another magnetic field. The effect is that the magnet exerts a torque on the cup, dragging it, and thus the speedometer pointer, in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them. The pointer shaft is held towards zero by a find torsion spring. Torque on cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet. Increase in speed will twist the cup and also speedometer pointer against the spring. The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy current on the cup is balanced by the opposing torque the

PARTS & CONSTRUCTION

ELECTRONIC SPEEDOMETER WORKING

In designs derived eddy current models, a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the rotational speed of the drive shaft, and therefore the vehicles speed, assuming the wheels have full traction. Some manufacturers rely on the pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors. A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled analog style needle or a digital display. Bicycles Speedometer :- It measure the time between each wheel rotation, and give a read out on a small handle bar mounted digital display.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM ( GPS )

GPS devices are positional speedometers, based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement. Its speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle's speedometer (wheel size, transmission/drive ratios). Instead, the GPS's positional accuracy, and therefore the accuracy of its calculated speed, is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time. Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds, when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower. The GPS software may also use a moving average calculation to reduce error.

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS : The

one covering speedometers are similar to UNECE regulation in that they specify that : The indicated speed must never be less then the actual speed , i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading. The indicated speed must not be more then 110% of the true speed , that plus 4km/h at specified test speeds. For Example :- At 80km/h , the indicated speed must be no more than 92km/h.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS :

A Speedometer showing mph and kmph along with an odometer and a separate Trip Odometer (both showing distance travelled in miles). A Speedometer gauge on a car, showing the speed of the vehicle in Kilometers Per Hour. Also shown in the Tachometer, which displays the Rate of Rotation of the Engines Crankshaft.

AND WE CAN KNOW OUR VEHICLES SPEED BY SIMPLY SEEING THE NEEDLE OF SPEEDOMETER WHERE IT LIES AND BETWEEN WHAT RANGE OF SPEED.

ACCURACY & ERRORS

Most speedometers have tolerances of some +
10% or 10%. Mainly due to variations in tyre diameter. Sources of error due to tyre diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle road and nominal tyre size. Percentage error =100*(1- new diameter / standard . diameter ).

DISADVANTAGES
They require power from batteries that must be
replaced every so often. (in the receiver AND sensor, for wireless models) and in wired models the signal being carried by a thin wire.