M.

KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY:

K. SHUNMATHI -12BEC2184
A.SINDHUBARATHI -12BEC2186
S.SURYA -12BEC2200
T.M.TAMILSELVI -12BEC2206
S.VANIPRIYA -12BEC2215

GUIDED BY:
S.SELVI
Asst.professor,


TOPIC:DIGITAL
THERMOMETER
USING
CONTENTS:
Linear IC.
IC 741.
Ideal characteristics.
Inverting amplifier.
Non inverting amplifier.
Voltage follower.
Digital thermometer.
Advantages.
Applications.
LINEAR ICS
A linear integrated circuit is a solid-state device.
CHARACTERIZATION:
ANALOG:

DIGITAL:
and output states.
IC741
8 pin dual line package.
Oldest and most popular Op-amp IC.
High performance monolithic operational amplifier.
Uses- integrator, differentiator, summing amplifier etc.
PINS OF IC 74s1:
Pin 1 (Offset Null): Offset voltage is nulled by
opposite polarity to the offset.
Pin 2 (Inverted Input): Input signals inverted at
output .
Pin 3 (Non-Inverted Input): Input signals
processed normally without inversion.
Contd...
Pin 4 (-V): Given to negative supply voltage terminal.
Pin 5 (Offset Null): Same as pin 1.
Pin 6 (Output): Output signal obtained as per given
input signal .
Pin 7 (+V): Given to positive supply voltage terminal.
Pin 8 (N/C): The 'N/C' stands for 'Not Connected'.



Input impedance Ri = infinity
Output impedance Ro = zero
Open loop voltage gain = infinity
Bandwidth = infinity
CMRR = infinity
Slew rate = infinity

Ideal characteristics op-amp
Input impedance:
Voltage across R
IN
will be
small if A
0
is high. Current
through R
IN
is small.
For non-inverting
configuration where ideal
input current is zero.
Output impedance
The input set at zero,
for non-inverting and inverting configurations are
identical.
Actual output impedance is V
OUT
/I.
Open loop voltage gain:
|
|
A
A
v
A
A A A
+
= =
= = =
1
s
v
o
v
)
o
v
s
v ( )
1
v
s
v (
id
v
o
v
A| is called loop gain.
For A| >>1,


A
v
~
1
|
=1+
R
2
R
1
CMRR
CMRR is a ratio (output to input) of amplifiers

ability to reject an equal signal on both of the

inputs
dB
V
V
LOG CMRR
V
V
LOG CMRR
in
out
82
8
600
20
20
= =
=

Slew rate:
Amplitude
SR
Bandwidth
-
=
t 2
Slew Rate Determines the Limit for Large Signal Bandwidth
High Slew Rate
AD8014
max
dt
dV
SlewRate=
Maximum Change in Voltage
Change in Time
Bandwidth-
The range of frequency at which an Op-Amp will
function.
(Ideal = )
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Connected to the inverting input
through an input resistor.
Non - inverting input connected to
ground directly or through a
biasing resistor.

Contd
Closed loop voltage
gain Av= -Rf \ R1
Output voltage is
opposite of the input
voltage.
NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The signal is connected directly to the
non - inverting input.
Rf and R1 form a voltage divider circuit
As the output signal feed to the
inverting input.
Contd
Closed Loop Voltage Gain
Av= 1+Rf\R1
Ri = Ro (very high)
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

Non-inverting amplifier negative
feedback obtained by connecting
output inverting input.
Since Rf = 0, the gain is 1
Vo =Vin.

DIGITAL THERMOMETER
This digital thermometer
can measure temperatures
up to 150Cwith an accuracy
of 1C.
DIGITAL THERMOMETER IN IC 741

IC7805
Self-contained fixed
linear voltage
regulator.
The 7805 has a
5 volt output.
Positive voltage
regulator
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
An unregulated power source &
regulates to the voltage of the voltage
regulator.
Used in electronic circuits due to their
ease-of-use and low cost.
IC 7660
Negative low-
dropout
regulator.
Performs
supply voltage
conversions
from +ve to -
ve.
LOW DROP-OUT REGULATORS
LDOs simple inexpensive way to
regulate an output voltage
easy to design with and use.
suitable for the specific circuit
conditions.
WORKING OF DIGITAL
THERMOMETER
IC 741 has a constant flow of current through the base-
emitter junction transistor.
Voltage of base-emitter junction of transistor is
proportional to its temperature.
Silicon diode can be instead of transistor.



Contd...
Variation in voltage of base-emitter
junction is amplified by 2nd
operational amplifier.
Before the temperature is displayed .
Preset VR1 - set the zero-reading on
the meter
Cont...

Preset VR2 - set the range of temperature
measurement
Regulated 5V power supply derived
voltage regulator IC 7805 and
negative low-dropout regulator IC 7660.
Circuit works off a 9V battery.

Contd...
Assemble circuit
on PCB
Enclose in small
plastic box.
Calibrate using
presets VR1 and
VR2.

ADVANTAGES:
Digital thermometers are easy & faster
to read
Shaking down the thermometer is
eliminated.
risks of broken glass & exposure to
mercury spills are eliminated.


Applications:
Electrocardiogram Amplification
Need to measure difference in voltage from lead
1 and lead 2
60 Hz interference from electrical equipment
Piezoelectric Transducer
Used to measure force, pressure, acceleration
Piezoelectric crystal generates an electric charge in
response to deformation




Contd...
Use Charge Amplifier
Just an integrator op-amp circuit

PID Controller