Behavioural Theory vs Person-Centred Theory

Noor Aisyah binti Abdullah & Norraihan binti Mohamad Shah

PROPONENT
Behavioural Person-Centred

B.F Skinner

Carl Rogers

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

Behavioural
Have certain capabilities to shape the environment. Have the freedom to control. Models are not mechanistic and deterministic nature. Have the ability to improve lives.

Person-Centred
Human nature is basically good or positive. Have the ability to develop. Able to gain insight. Require communication and interaction with others.

Can reach certain value of life with Depend on the perception of the self self-direction. and the environment.

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

Behavioural Person-Centred
Have dignity and self-esteem. Have the power to determine the course of life.

An individual can get selfactualization. Can develop positively and

constructively if there is the feeling of

trust and respect.

CONCEPT
Behavioural Reinforcement Shaping Generalisation Discrimination Extinction Person-Centred Phenomenology: Individuals act according to his own view

The concept of knowledge: Subjective: knowledge or information for our own reference.

Maintenance
Punishment

Objective: knowledge or information are

well- known and has been confirmed by others

Interpersonal: output knowledge from the feeling of empathy.

CONCEPT
Behavioural Person-Centred
Personality structure:
Organisms: Centre of all experience. Self: combination of experience and

perception of self-concept.
Personality Development Process: Individuals tend to develop to acquire self-actualization. Psychological Disorders

CAUSE OF ANXIETY
Behavioural
Behaviour is formed and influenced by the stimulus. Reinforcement is conditioned and it affects the behaviour (Operant

Person-Centred
Self-concept and experience are incongruence. Disorders of the conditions. Disappointment for self actualization.

Conditioning).
The history of reinforcement affects personality, Punishment = a technique to control behavior. Discrimination = reinforcement + specific stimulus.

Sometimes positive and negative evaluation

are not aligned with the insistence.

THE AIM OF COUNSELLING

Behavioural
Provide suitable condition and environment. Acquire new behaviors. Make a good fit. Explain things as a behaviourist. Positive behaviour modification. Help to learn productive responses.

Person-Centred
Facilitates the client toward: Realistic self-perception Greater confidence and self-direction. Sense of positive worth. Greater maturity, social skill, and adaptive behaviour. Better stress coping. Fully functioning in all aspects of their lives.

COUNSELLOR ROLES
BEHAVIORAL THEORY PERSON-CENTERED THEORY

Experts as active teachers have the

knowledge and scientific skills. Become a model. Skilled with all or most of the techniques used. Do evaluation. Provide follow-up.

Serve as a facilitator for the

development of the client themselves. Establish appropriate and comfortable atmosphere so that the client feels free. Help clients to not be defensive towards their behaviour. Status of counselor and client are equal

and work together.

Counselor does not diagnose client problems.

CLIENT ROLES
BEHAVIORAL THEORY Client's active role in every phase of PERSON-CENTERED THEORY Clients must come voluntarily. The client should feel ready to talk when Clients give an idea to follow the instructions to build a counselor for help. The client will switch from extrinsic reinforcement on intrinsic reinforcement. The client will try to find a solution with the help of the client itself. feel welcome and able to appreciate the relationship maintained between

counseling.

counselor and client.

Client responsible strives to make a

difference. Clients learn self reinforcement. Clients are willing to continue to grow in order to find new goals.

PROCESSES
BEHAVIORAL THEORY Definition of the problem Development of social history Goal setting behavior Behavior change strategy Counselor will help the client to express feelings and attitudes. Counselors will not make judgments but to accept the feelings expressed by the client. PERSON-CENTERED THEORY The client decided that he needed counseling. Counselors explain to the client what happens in counseling.

Counselors will identify and accept positive feelings client. At this stage, the client begins to understand himself and his personal character.

PROCESSES
BEHAVIORAL THEORY PERSON-CENTERED THEORY

Clients can receive a good self aspects and bad aspects of the self.
Clients understand the options available and the counselor will help evaluate and understand these choices. Next, the client will gain insight and positive action was born from within the client. Clients are better able to make choices and take action. Clients no longer get defensive, but starting to show acceptance of himself. Finally, clients have started to make their own decisions and be ready terminate counseling.

TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

BEHAVIORAL THEORY Planning the environment Stress management Immunization stages (Systematic desensitization) Peringkat Pelalian Assertive training Token economy Modeling PERSON-CENTERED THEORY The concept If (jika...) and Then (maka...) Accept the client as they are, without conditions, empathy and humor. Not bound to the role. Spontaneous. No defensive. Be consistent. Make yourself sharing.

THANK YOU