Roles and Functions of The Correctional System

Roles and Functions of the Correctional System
Correctional Careers
Probation Officers Parole Officers Jailers or Detention Officers Correctional Officers Juvenile Detention Officers Federal Correctional Officers
Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)
Probation Officers
Work under county, state, or federal agencies Make reports to court on offender behavior Conduct pre-trial investigations for the court Monitor compliance with court-ordered conditions of release Complete offender risk assessments Report non-compliance to the court
Parole Officers
Supervise previously incarcerated offenders in the community Monitor compliance with special conditions of release Report non-compliance to the paroling authority Conduct home, work, and officer visits with offenders
Parole Officers (continued)

District Parole Officers supervise offenders who have been released on parole, or mandatory supervision, to complete their sentences while living in Texas communities.
Institutional Parole Officers are physically assigned to TDCJ units. They interview incarcerated offenders at TDCJ Units, federal correctional institutions, contracted facilities, and county jails statewide to prepare Parole Case Summaries.
Jailers and Detention Officers

Supervise inmates in correctional facilities (generally county or local level) Work with adults or juveniles Fingerprint, photograph, and book offenders upon intake Manage offenders in correctional facilities
Average Correctional Salaries

Probation: $31,292 $47,489 Parole: $32,459 $44,709 Correctional Officer: $28,241 $45,579 Jailer: $28,24 $41,383 Federal Probation Officer: $21,083 $112,800
Correctional Officer Duties

Supervise offenders Maintain the security of the facility Transport offenders Conduct searches of offenders and their property Respond to emergencies Read, review, and properly apply information
Prison Administration
Correctional Officer
Uniformed jail or prison employees whose primary job is the security and movement of inmates
Warden:
The chief administrator of a prison
Your local Bed and Breakfast: Well even leave the light on!
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Early Jail Conditions

16 people in Prisoners a 12 x 12 cell provided their own food and medical needs Men, women, and children were all housed together Sick and healthy housed together Could buy: Indigents alcohol, food, had to work privileges, for their keep and cell space No heat, no plumbing, no adequate sleeping or living space Many deaths from sickness and starvation
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Reforms: The Walnut Street Jail

1790 law passed by the Pennsylvania legislature
Humane physical facilities Adequate food and water at public expense Separation of men, women, and children Prohibited buying better treatment Debtors and the mentally ill separated from the criminal population Orphans were moved to separate buildings
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Reforms: Prison Life at Walnut Street

Prisoners worked, but were paid for labor Earned early release for good behavior Attempted to rehabilitate prisoners Became overcrowded Conditions deteriorated and costs skyrocketed Prison failed at rehabilitation
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Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary

Built in 1892 Cost $500,000 to house 250 prisoners Most expensive building in the new world First in the country to have flushing toilets and hot-air heating Designed as a penitentiary, not a jail or prison
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Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued)

Penitentiary a correctional institution
based on the concept that inmates can change their criminality through reflection and penitence
Individual cells Must become proficient at a skill for use after release
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Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued)

Expected to read the Bible when not working or exercising Use of the silent system Maximum security, walled, and self-contained Cells 12 x 7.5 and had a window Working, exercising, eating, and sleeping all performed in the prisoners cell
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Reforms: The Auburn System

Built in 1816 walled, maximum security Cells 7x 4, 7 high, back to back, 5 tiers located in the center of the building inside cell blocks Cells poorly lit, no fresh air Inmates moved to other locations in the unit for work, exercise, and eating
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Reforms: The Auburn System (continued)

The silent system was used, but hard to enforce Corporal punishment used for violations Marched from place to place Short haircuts Distinctive uniforms First use of solitary confinement Prison industries (the prison was self-sufficient) The Prototype American Prison
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Reforms: Southern Penal Systems

Convict lease system was implemented after the end of slavery Construction work, factory work, agricultural work Very poor work and living conditions Worked 12-15 hours a day Often lived in cages, and discipline was brutal
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Reforms: Southern Penal Systems (continued)

The origin of chain gangs The 1930 Prison Farm System replaced the lease system Inmate labor used to sustain prisons and other profit industries Used prisoners as guards and supervisors to cut costs Arkansas and Texas brought about U.S. Supreme Court decisions on the 8th amendment
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Prison Reforms
1930s laws prohibited the sale of inmate goods Prisons began supplying products to the government (license plates) Between 1950 and 1966, over 100 riots In September 1971, 43 inmates died in the Attica State Prison riot In February 1980, 36 died in New Mexico riots
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Prison Reforms (continued)

1980s the US Supreme Court decided that inmates could sue over
Living conditions Medical treatment Inmates rights Prison policies
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Jails
Jail a short-term, multipurpose holding
facility that serves as a gateway for the criminal justice system Jails hold
Defendants awaiting trial Defendants convicted of misdemeanors The mentally ill pending movement to a health facility
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Jails (continued)
Jails hold
Local, state, federal, and military prisoners Adults of both genders Juveniles Convicted prisoners Absconders Witnesses Most awaiting trial or transport
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Punishment Range for Jail

Class C Misdemeanor
a fine up to $500 (ticket) cannot be arrested
speeding or open container
Class B Misdemeanor
up to 180 days in jail, and a $2,000 fine
Class A Misdemeanor
up to 2 years in jail, and a $4,000 fine
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County Jails
Over 3,300 local and county jails Vary in size from less than 50 to more than 7,000 Population has more than doubled since 1983 Very few municipal jails
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State Prisons
Prisons correctional
institutions for prisoners convicted of felonies Extended sentences Separated inmates by sex Architecture reflective of gender bias
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Prisons
Top 10 Highest Incarceration Rates
1. California 163,001 2. Texas 157,997 3. Federal 145,416 4. Florida 71,319 5. New York 70,198 6. Michigan 47,718 7. Ohio 45,833 8. Illinois 45,281 9. Georgia 44,232 10. Pennsylvania 36,847
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Punishment Levels for Prison

State Jail Felony (SJF)
180 days to 2 years, and a $10,000 fine
3rd Degree
2-10 years, and a $10,000 fine
2nd Degree
2-20 years, and a $10,000 fine
1st Degree
2-99 (life), and a $10,000 fine
Capital
Death Life without Parole
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State Prison Security Levels

Minimum Security
Have few physical barriers to escape, and many programs for inmates
Medium Security
Fortress-like, walled, self-contained institutions that offer inmates education, vocation, and rehabilitation
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State Prison Security Levels (continued)

Maximum Security
prisons for inmates at high risk of escape, or who are dangerously violent to other inmates or staff
Administrative Segregation
solitary confinement inmates are kept in single cells 23 hrs a day. They are allowed a shower and one hour of recreation per day.
31
Private Jails and Prisons

For-profit facilities run by private security companies Contracted by counties at lower cost Less programs Less training, lower pay, and conditions often below state standards Escapes and assaults carry smaller penalties
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Constitutional Rights
Retain all the rights of free citizens Three government interests, however, justify curtailing offenders rights:
Maintaining internal order and discipline Securing the institution against unauthorized access or escape Rehabilitating offenders
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Habeas Corpus
The primary purpose is to seek release from prison or jail for unlawful confinement Exhaust state judicial remedies before going to federal court Filed in state or federal court Filed by one offender Affects only that offender
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Section 1983
The purpose is to address prison conditions or obtain monetary damages from prison officials Filed directly in federal court Affects all offenders May be filed as class action suit
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First Amendment
Freedom of
Religion Speech Press Assembly Petitioning the government for redress of grievances
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Fourth Amendment
Prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures
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Fifth Amendment
The right to jury for capital crimes Protects against double jeopardy The right against self-incrimination Prohibits taking life, liberty, or property without due process Protects against taking private property without just compensation
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Sixth Amendment
The right to a public and speedy trial Impartial jury Informed of the nature and cause of accusations Confront witnesses Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses Right to an attorney
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Eighth Amendment
Prohibits excessive bail Protects against cruel and unusual punishment
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Fourteenth Amendment
The right to the privileges and immunities of citizens The right to due process The right to equal protection under the law
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Case Law
Impingment on an offenders constitutional rights is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests
Turner v. Safely, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)
42
Resources
020547893X, Fagin, James. Criminal Justice: Prentice Hall, 2007. 1593455747, del Carmen, Rolando v. Susan E. Ritter, Betsy A. Witt. Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections: Anderson, 2008. 0314264159, OBrien, Edward; Fisher, Margaret; Austern, David T. Practical Law for Jail and Prison Personnel: West Group, 1987. http://nicic.gov/pubs/2001/017068.pdf http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=482&i nvol=78 http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos156.htm http://supreme.justia.com/us/482/78/
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Roles and Functions of The Correctional System

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Roles and Functions of the Correctional System

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Parole Officers (continued)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Jailers and Detention Officers

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Average Correctional Salaries

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Correctional Officer Duties

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Early Jail Conditions

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Reforms: The Walnut Street Jail

Reforms: Prison Life at Walnut Street

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued)

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued)

Reforms: The Auburn System

Reforms: The Auburn System (continued)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Reforms: Southern Penal Systems

Reforms: Southern Penal Systems (continued)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Prison Reforms (continued)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Punishment Range for Jail

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Punishment Levels for Prison

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

State Prison Security Levels

State Prison Security Levels (continued)

Private Jails and Prisons

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

Copyright Texas Education Agency (TEA)

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