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Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensor + Actuator + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering Unit + Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) An ad hoc network of selfpowered and self-configuring sensor nodes for collectively sensing environmental data and performing data aggregation and actuation functions reliably, efficiently, and accurately.
limitations:
Modest processing power 8 MHz Very little storage a few hundred kilobits Short communication range consumes a lot of power Small form factor several mm3 Minimal energy constrains protocols
Batteries have a finite lifetime Passive devices provide little energy
Retinal Implant
Cortical Implant
large number of sensors. Sensors are then organized into an ad hoc network. Need efficient protocols to route and manage data in this network.
available with low power requirements in a small size. Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel sensing materials for many Chemical, Biological, and Physical sensing tasks. Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming smaller, less expensive, and less power hungry. Power source improvements in batteries, as well as passive power sources such as solar or vibration energy, are expanding application options.
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Historical Comparison
Consider a 40 Year Old Computer
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a waste of time?? Can we just wait 10-15 years until we have sensors that are very powerful??
NO!! Will still face: Very limited storage Modest power supplies
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appliances and electrical devices in the house. Better lighting and heating in office buildings. The Pentagon building has used sensors extensively.
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Biomedical / Medical
Health Monitors Glucose Heart rate Cancer detection
Chronic Diseases Artificial retina Cochlear implants Hospital Sensors Monitor vital signs Record anomalies
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Military
Remote deployment of sensors for tactical monitoring of enemy troop movements.
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applications:
Agricultural Crop Conditions Inventory Tracking In-Process Parts Tracking Automated Problem Reporting RFID Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring
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Sensors embedded
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Economic Factors
New technologies replace existing
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Novelty
Some early adopters use new technology simply for novelty or the fun of it. Examples include:
Java rings and internet watches. Maybe wireless sensors for dating or
meeting new people? Personal wireless sensors for fun a temperature monitor you carry around?
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Legal / Liability
New technologies are adopted
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Entertainment
New technology is adopted for
entertainment.
Playing games is major use of home PCs. So is Internet browsing. Games on cellular phones. 3D visualization for games. Games of tag using wireless sensors? Interactive role-playing games with sensors?
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sensor networks?
Depends on sensor node technology
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Noisy Sensors
Sensor readings can be inaccurate. Protocols need to recognize this. GPS Sensor Accurate within 2.8 meters Relative Humidity Sensor
Accuracy of 5% 8% at 90% Relative Humidity 2% with calibration
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Environmental Factors
Wireless sensors need to operate in
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Specific Destinations
Messages mostly
Opportunities for
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Hop-by-Hop Communication
Energy for wireless
communication grows with distance d at the rate d2 d4. Multiple short hops are cheaper than one long hop. Scheduling many nodes leads to high contention not scalable.
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Communication Nodes may not have unique global Ids Data is retrieved by specifying some desirable properties e.g.
What is the temperature in Room SCOB 105?
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Periodic or Event-Driven
Communication patterns for wireless
requirements. Routing protocols have been proposed for either type of traffic.
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May be better to summarize readings. Avoids base station traffic implosion. Reduces energy consumption.
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Time Synchronization
Data aggregation assumes time
synchronization!!! Need to know events at different sensors are temporally related. Allows one to distinguish multiple targets. Not trivial to accomplish in the constrained environment of sensor networks.
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Scalability!
Size of sensor networks will grow
because:
Sensors more affordable as cost decreases Redundant sensors provide
Reliability Fault tolerance Longer network lifetime
Protocols will support large networks Applications will exist for larger networks
What will Wireless Sensor Networks Look Like in the Near Future?
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Large-Scale Deployments
Sensor networks
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Heterogeneous Sensors
Homogeneous network of sensors is
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Mobile Sensors
Sensors with Micromachines Low-Power Motors that Support Mobility
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applications, but
These deployments will overlap Sensors will have different properties Users will want to combine these different sensors for new applications:
Temperature sensors for fire fighting Location tracking for rescue operations
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discovery provides:
Automated calibration of new devices Highly dynamic system configurations Cooperation among resource poor devices Solves resource sharing device
Storage and long-range networking services can be obtained from a nearby server
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Security Issues
Concerns about misuse and privacy Privacy issues may slow consumer adoption of technology
User tracking RFID concerns Has not proved true on the Internet!
Authentication and privacy are not always complementary objectives Do not want your medical sensor hacked!! Data tampering and computer viruses could be a nightmare!
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Companies will be slow to adopt technology that increases their legal exposure
May delay adoption
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Software Engineering
Imagine a heterogeneous wireless
Internet to turn on lights when your car reaches home. The request fails.
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