Pragmatics (overview)

Meeting 7

Pragmatics Discourse and Coreference Increased complexity of processing Semantic extraction Farsing Chunking POS tagging Morphology

Malinowskis level of linguistics

 co-text the linguistic en ironment of a !ord context the non" er#al en ironment in !hich a !ord is used Put another !ay$ the surrounding situation in !hich a !ord is used is its context !hereas the surrounding !ords is its co-text$ the most o# ious manifestation of !hich is collocations%

CONTEXT and CO-TEXT

 Syntax the study of the relation #et!een linguistic forms$ ho! they are arranged in se&uence$ and !hich se&uences are !ell"formed Semantics 'he study of the relationship #et!een linguistic forms and entries in the !orld% Pragmatics 'he study of the relationships #et!een linguistic forms and the users of those forms%

!nta"# emantics# and Pragmatics

1. The study of speaker meaning It is concerned !ith the study of meaning as communicated #y speaker and interpreted #y listener 2. The study of the contextual meaning It in ol es interpretation of !hat people mean in a particular context and ho! the context influences !hat is said% 3. The study of how more gets communicated than is said 'his type o study explores ho! great deal of !hat is unsaid is recogni(ed as part of !hat is communicated% 4. The study of the expression of relati e distance On the assumption of ho! close and distant the listener is$ speakers determine ho! much needs to #e said

$%at is Pragmatics&

 D)I*IS and +)F)+),C) P+)S-PPOSI'IO, IMP.IC/'-+) SP))C0 /C'S P+I,CIP.)S

To'ics in Pragmatics

Deixis 1 'he process of pointing ia language "2 deictic expressions 3 indexical 'ypes of deixis1 4% Person deixis 5% Spatial deixis 6% 'emporal deixis

(E)X) # )N(EX)C*+# , -E.E--)N/ EXP-E )ON

 4% Person deixis In con ersations constant shift of you in .4 ac&uisition1 phase of confusion "2 in many languages include social status 70 and .8 "2 indication of higher status 1 honorifics )xample1 9erman du/Sie French tu/vous Spanish USTED 3rd person indicates distance !! 3RD PERSON DISTANCE USED IN ACCUSIATIONS

T!'es of deictic reference 0

 Modern )nglish1 here:there """ ;O,D)+ 7more distant from speaker8 'his:here1 ac&uired early$ can #e seen$ close 'hat:there1 ac&uired late << /,'0+OPO.O9IC/. =/SIS OF SP/'I/. D)I*IS 1 PS;C0O.O9IC/. DIS'/,C) physically close o#>ects can #e psychologically distant 7I?m not going to touch that8< physically close o#>ects are psychologically close

'atial dei"is

 'emporal deixis1 ;esterday:tomorro!@depend on kno!ing the utterance time 7similar to spatial deixis$ e ents are conceptuali(ed as o#>ects tenses1 P+)S),' 7proximal8 P/S' 7distal8 unfortunate e ents1 If I ad ! "a##eon$$$$ reported speech1 I as%ed er if s e &as pa#nnin" to "o t ere$$$ focus shifts to ne! relati e center D)IC'IC )*P+)SSIO,S D)P),D O, CO,')*'$ SP)/A)+S I,'),'IO,B !S"# $%& &"'(T)*" #)ST(+,"

Tem'oral dei"is

 &eference- act from speaker to ena#le listener to identify something +eferring expressions1 a% Proper ,ouns #% Definite ,P c% Indefinite ,Ps d% P+O,O-, $!+,T)%+S . Shared kno!ledge in shared isual context 7.ook at me<8 . Shared memory .Don?t you remem#er the reason you left me #eforeC8 . Shared perception 1 in ent names 7Mr% =rightside is coming8 . Shared world knowledge- .De need to find a cop entity is unkno!n #ut can #e assumed to exist8 . Share knowledge a/out descripti e properties- 70e needs a rich !ife8 000 Successful reference is ,%''(1%&(T)*"

-eference , referring e"'ressions

 In discourse1 colla/oration in reference /% Intention to identify =% +ecognition of intention Context makes differences #et!een persons:o#>ects % P)+SO, as O=E)C' Can I 'orro& your S a%espeare( O=E)C' as P)+SO, ) ere is the cat sittin"( 4% CO,F),'IO, /' DO+A I ated S a%espeare at sc oo# )e*re "oin" to see S a%espeare in +ondion S a%espeare ta%es up to t e s e#f 5% P+/9M/'IC CO,,)C'IO, =)'D)), P+OP)+ ,/M)S /,D O=E)C'S In iting listener to make expected inference

-efereing e"'ressions (contd)