EEE655

Wireless Communication Techniques Shujaat Ali Khan Tanoli, Ph.D.

shujattanoli@gmail.com

Lecture 3

Wireless Communication asics

Basic Communication System

Electrical communication systems are designed to send

messages from a source to one or more destinations.

In fo S o u rc e & In p u t T ra n s d .

T ra n s m .

C hannel

Rx

O u p tp u t T ra n s d .

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Basic Communication System

Info source: speech, video, data. Transducer: microphone, video camera - convert

information into electrical signal. suitable for communication.

Transmitter: converts electrical signal into form

Translates fre uencies to appropriate range. !erforms modulation - use of the information to vary attributes of a carrier. "odulation enables many users to use same physical channel. !erforms filtering and amplification. !rovides the radiation for #ireless transmission.
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Basic Communication System

Channel: the physical medium causes signal corruption

by a variety of mechanisms. Some are additions, some affect o#n signal.

$dditive noise - thermal noise. "ultipath fading attenuates and distorts the signal.

%eceiver: its function is to recover the message. It

performs:

Carrier demodulation. Signal filtering. &oise suppression. Symbol detection.

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'igital Communication System

Signal fidelity better controlled through digital

transmission.

'iscrete-time signals -- digital communications. (ur communication system needs to be e)panded to

include message signal discreti*ation at the transmitter and message signal synthesis at the receiver.

Source - outputs are bits. Source encoder - represents the source in as fe#

digits as possible. Converts the output of the source into an efficient representation.
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'igital Communication System

In fo S o u rc e In p u t T ra n s d . S o u rc e E ncoder C hannel E ncoder D ig it a l M o d u la t io n

C hannel

O u tp u t T ra n s d .

S o u rc e D ecoder

C hannel D ecoder

D ig it a l D e m o d u la t i on
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'igital Communication System

Channel Encoder - introduces controlled redundancy to

overcome effects of noise and interference in the channel. Trivial e)ample repeat each bit m times:

K ! it s e " u e n c e

C hannel E ncoder

n ! it s e " u e n c e

Code redundancy + n,-, code rate + -,n

'igital "odulation - maps information bits into electrical

signals. E)ample: map digit . into signal s./t0, and digit 1 into signal s1/t0. To code B information bits there are " + 2B re uired #aveforms.
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'igital Communication System

'emodulator - processes the noise corrupted received

information and decides on the transmitted bit.

Binary decision - decide ., or 1. Ternary decision - .,1, neither. 3re uency of errors in the decoded se uence: average probability of error at output of the decoder . !robability of S&% falling belo# a specified threshold outage.

Several performance measures used in #ireless:

'igital communication stems from the #or- of &y uist.

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Classifications of Transmission Media

# Transmission "edium $ !hysical path bet#een transmitter and receiver # 4uided "edia $ 5aves are guided along a solid medium $ E.g., copper t#isted pair, copper coa)ial cable, optical fiber # 6nguided "edia $ !rovides means of transmission but does not guide electromagnetic signals $ 6sually referred to as #ireless transmission $ E.g., atmosphere, outer space
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Unguided Media -

ireless Transmission

# Transmitting information /voice and data0 using electromagnetic /E"0 #aves in open space. # Electromagnetic #aves $ Travel at speed of light /c + 7)1.8 m,s0 $ Characteri*ed by a fre uency /f0 and a #avelength /l0 %c+fl # Transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. E" energy is coupled to medium by antenna.

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!ignals
# physical representation of data # function of time and space /location0 # Can also be e)pressed as a function of fre uency $ Signal consists of components of different fre uencies # classification $ continuous time,discrete time $ continuous values,discrete values $ analog signal + continuous time and continuous values $ digital signal + discrete time and discrete values
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!ignals" Time-#omain Conce$ts

# $nalog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time $ &o brea-s or discontinuities in the signal # 'igital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level # !eriodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time s/t 9T 0 + s/t 0 - : t : 9 #here T is the period of the signal # $periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn;t repeat over time
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!ignals" Time-#omain Conce$ts

$ signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data $ signal parameters of periodic signals: $ !ea- amplitude /$0 - ma)imum value or strength of the signal over time< typically measured in volts $ 3re uency /f 0 - %ate, in cycles per second, or =ert* /=*0 at #hich the signal repeats $ !eriod /T 0 - amount of time it ta-es for one repetition of the signal --- > T + 1,f $ !hase /0 - measure of the relative position in time #ithin a single period of a signal
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!ine
carrier

a%e &arameters

# 'eneral sine (a%e as s$ecial $eriodic signal for a

$ s)t * + A sin)2ft , *

# -ffect of %ar.ing eac/ of t/e t/ree $arameters of a sine (a%e is s/o(n in 0ig on ne1t slide
)a* A + 12 f + 1 342 + 05 t/us T + 1s )6* 7educed $ea8 am$litude5 A+095 )c* :ncreased fre;uenc.5 f + 22 t/us T + <
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Time %s9 #istance

# 5hen the hori*ontal a)is is time, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time # 5ith the hori*ontal a)is in space, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in time as a function of distance # 5avelength /0 - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal, or the distance bet#een t#o points of corresponding phase of t#o consecutive cycles # 3re uency /f0 and #avelength /l0 are related # c+fl 5here c is the velocity of light /7 ) 1.?8 m,s0
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!ignal re$resentation
'ifferent representations of signals

amplitude /amplitude domain0 fre uency spectrum /fre uency domain0 phase state diagram /amplitude " and phase in polar coordinates0
* &+) t&s) - , M sin

* &+)

f &'() I, M cos

Composed signals transferred into fre uency domain using 3ourier

transformation 'igital signals need infinite fre uencies for perfect transmission modulation #ith a carrier fre uency for transmission /analog signal@0

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!ignals" 0re;uenc.-#omain Conce$ts

# 0undamental fre;uenc. $ (/en all fre;uenc. com$onents of a signal are integer multi$les of one fre;uenc.2 it?s referred to as t/e fundamental fre;uenc. !$ectrum $ range of fre;uencies t/at a signal contains @6solute 6and(idt/ $ (idt/ of t/e s$ectrum of a signal -ffecti%e 6and(idt/ )or Aust 6and(idt/* $ narro( 6and of fre;uencies (/ere most of t/e signal?s energ. is contained in @n. electromagnetic signal can 6e s/o(n to consist of a collection of $eriodic analog signals )sine (a%es* at different am$litudes2 fre;uencies2 and $/ases T/e $eriod of t/e total signal is e;ual to t/e $eriod of t/e fundamental fre;uenc.
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# # #

@nalog !ignaling=Transmission

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#igital !ignaling=Transmission

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@nalog Transmission
# Transmit analog signals #ithout regard to content # $ttenuation limits length of transmission lin# Cascaded amplifiers boost signalAs energy for longer distances but cause distortion $ $nalog data can tolerate distortion $ Introduces errors in digital data

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#igital Transmission
# Concerned #ith the content of the signal # $ttenuation endangers integrity of data # 'igital Signal $ %epeaters achieve greater distance $ %epeaters recover the signal and retransmit # $nalog signal carrying digital data $ %etransmission device recovers the digital data from analog signal $ 4enerates ne#, clean analog signal

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Transmission :m$airments
# Channel Impairments
a. b.

&oise $ttenuation and attenuation distortion

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&oise
&oise is the un#anted signal inserted,added to the main

signal #hile it travels from the transmitter to the receiver

&oise is a maBor limiting factor in communications system

performance
&oise is divided into four categories:

Thermal &oise Intermodulation &oise CrosstalImpulse &oise

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Boise
# T/ermal noise - due to agitation of electrons # &resent in all electronic de%ices and transmission media # Cannot 6e eliminated # 0unction of tem$erature # &articularl. significant for satellite communication2 recei%ed signal 6eing %er. (ea8 # @mount of t/ermal noise to 6e found in a 6and(idt/ of 134 in an. de%ice or conductor is"

N 0 = kT ( W/Hz )

B0 + noise $o(er densit. in (atts $er 1 34 of 6and(idt/ 8 + Colt4mannDs constant + 193803 E 10-23 F=G
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Boise
# :ntermodulation noise H occurs if signals (it/ different fre;uencies s/are t/e same medium

$ :nterference caused 6. a signal $roduced at a fre;uenc. t/at is t/e sum or difference of original fre;uencies
# Crosstal8 H un(anted cou$ling 6et(een signal $at/s # :m$ulse noise H irregular $ulses or noise s$i8es

$ !/ort duration and of relati%el. /ig/ am$litude $ Caused 6. e1ternal electromagnetic distur6ances2 or faults and fla(s in t/e
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&oise
!erformance of #ireless systems is determined by the

signal-to-noise ratio /S&%0. Sometimes referred to as carrier-to-noise ratio To achieve re uired S&% at the receiver it is necessary: Evaluate noise po#er Transmit sufficient po#er
!ropagation loss Transmitted po.er

%e uired S&%

%eceived !o#er %eceiver noise floor

!o#er 'iagram

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&oise
S&% is e)pressed in decibels /dB0

S SNRdB = 10 log10 N
Typical S&% re uired: telephone 2C dB, hi-fi audio C.

dB, Cellular #ireless 1D - 18 dB

$ll electrical circuits generate noise:

S&% at the output is al#ays smaller than S&% at the input.

SNRin

Recei/er

SNRout

SNRin >1 &oise 3igure, F = SNRout

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Boise
# Eb=N0 - 7atio of signal energ. $er 6it to noise $o(er densit. $er 3ert4

Eb S/R S = = N0 N0 kTR

# T/e 6it error rate for digital data is a function of Eb=N0

$ 'i%en a %alue for Eb=N0 to ac/ie%e a desired error rate2 $arameters of t/is formula can 6e selected $ As !it rate R increases, transmitte" signal 2-30

@ttenuation
# !trengt/ of signal falls off (it/ distance o%er transmission medium # @ttenuation factors for t/e transmission media"
$ 7ecei%ed signal must /a%e sufficient strengt/ so t/at circuitr. in t/e recei%er can inter$ret t/e signal $ !ignal must maintain a le%el sufficientl. /ig/er t/an noise to 6e recei%ed (it/out error $ @ttenuation is greater at /ig/er fre;uencies2 causing distortion

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/at is 6and(idt/I
# Cand(idt/ is t/e range of fre;uencies t/at can 6e transmitted o%er a c/annel )a general name for communication medium* (it/out significant loss of $o(er # :f a c/annel /as a 6and(idt/ of 1 M342 does t/at mean .ou can?t transmit a signal of /ig/er fre;uenc.I # /at is t/e relations/i$ 6et(een s$ectrum2 fre;uenc.2 and 6and(idt/I

$ !$ectrum" a range of fre;uencies )e9g9 : re;uested a 25 M34 of s$ectrum from 0CC2 does it tell .ou (/at is m. fre;uenc. of o$erationI* $ Cand(idt/" an in/erent $ro$ert. of a c/annel )e9g9 0i6er /as 10 T34 of 6and(idt/* $ 0re;uenc. of o$eration )e9g9 -J@B using 2942-32

3o( man. 6its can (e transmitI

# T/e actual num6er of 6its transmitted in a medium is a function of signal $o(er2 noise2 source and c/annel coding2 and 6and(idt/ # !o 1 M34 does not mean 1 M6$sKK # Cand(idt/ is limited 6. 7egulator. allocation or t/e si4e of unlicensed 6ands )suc/ as :!M 6ands* # !ignal $o(er can not 6e raised 6e.ond certain limit # :nterference mostl. is 6e.ond .our control # @fter a limit2 /o( (ell .ou code .our signal 6ecomes useless and t/en t/e u$$er limit of num6er of 6its=second is determined 6. signal $o(er2 noise and 6and(idt/ )t/is relations/i$ is also 8no(n as !/annon?s t/eorem* # Cand(idt/ can 6e re-used in different $laces as in cellular s.stems

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C/annel Ca$acit.
# :m$airments2 suc/ as noise2 limit data rate t/at can 6e ac/ie%ed # 0or digital data2 to (/at e1tent do im$airments limit data rateI # C/annel Ca$acit. t/e ma1imum rate at (/ic/ data can 6e transmitted o%er a gi%en communication $at/2 or c/annel2 under gi%en conditions
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7elations/i$ 6et(een #ata 7ate and Cand(idt/

# T/e greater t/e 6and(idt/2 t/e /ig/er t/e information-carr.ing ca$acit. # Conclusions $ @n. digital (a%eform (ill /a%e infinite 6and(idt/ $ CUT t/e transmission s.stem (ill limit t/e 6and(idt/ t/at can 6e transmitted $ @B#2 for an. gi%en medium2 t/e greater t/e 6and(idt/ transmitted2 t/e greater t/e cost $ 3L -M-72 limiting t/e 6and(idt/ creates distortions

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