CHAPTER 2

21st October 2005

Ass. Prof. Anca Condrea

Applying given ideas consists of choosing an application of a given concept or principle.

Matching defined categories with given situations

Interpreting given ideas from political cartoons, maps, tables, charts, and graphs

Applying remembered ideas consists of using prior knowledge:

Facts learned in social studies classes Newspapers, magazines, and books TV and the Internet

Attributes of Illustrations

Similar to those of writing Simplicity Clarity Conciseness Directness

Illustrations can be Figures Tables

Types of Figures

Line graph Bar graph/Column graph Pie graph (circle graph) Flow chart Organizational chart Diagram Drawing Photograph

Graphs and other Geographic Information Systems are indispensable for examining variables across geographic areas

Map Automation

(The Spread of Islam)

Mapping

(The Spread of Christianity)

Mapping

(The Spread of Black Death)

Mapping

Mapping
88

Canada

Number of Cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

362

USA

(Region of the Americas, 19932004*)

Panama 35 Brazil
321

Bolivia

36 331 592

Paraguay
99 48

= No. of cases

Chile

Total cases = 1910

Uruguay

Argentina

2000 Population of Arab States

Arab Sub-Saharan Africa
Comoros, Federal Islamic Republic of Djibouti, Republic of 558 666

Arab Oil Exporters

Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of Bahrain, Kingdom of 30,385 670

Mauritania, Islamic Republic of

Sudan, Republic of Yemen, Republic of

2,645
31,437 17,507

Kuwait, State of
Libyan, Socialist People's Arab Jamahiriya Oman, Sultanate of Qatar, State of Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

2,190
5,237 2,410 585 20,723

United Arab Emirates

Total 52,813

2,809
65,009

Rest of the Arab World

Egypt, Arab Republic of Jordan, The Hashemite Kingdom of Lebanon, Republic of Morocco, Kingdom of Syria Arab Republic Tunisia, Republic of Total 63,976 4,887 4,328 28,705 16,189 9,564 127,649

Drawing & Interpreting Graphs

Graphs are especially useful for presenting quantitative data. So often, a graph is a visual form of data from a table 1. A graph can make it easier to analyze and interpret the information you have collected. 2. It is easier to see what is happening and what trends or patterns there are.

Distance Time Graph

1.

A horizontal line means the object is not changing its position - it is stationary. A downward sloping line means the object is returning to the start.

2.

Question 1:

Look at the graph. It shows how three runners ran 100-metre race. Which runner won the race?

Question 2:

Which runner stopped for a rest?

Question 3:

How long did he stop for?

Question 4:

How long Bob take to complete the race?

Question 5:

Calculate Alberts average speed.

Speed-Time Graphs & Acceleration

The graph shows how the speed of a bus changes during part of a journey

Question 1
Choose the correct words from the following list to describe the motion during each part of the journey: 1. 2. 3. 4. Accelerating Decelerating Steady speed Stationary

Answer

0-A The bus is accelerating. Its speed changes from 0 to 10 m/s in 5 seconds.

A-B The bus is moving at a steady speed of 10 m/s for 5 seconds.

B-C The bus is decelerating. It is slowing down from 10 m/s to rest in 3 seconds.

C-D The bus is stationary. It has stopped.

D-E The bus is accelerating. It is gradually increasing in speed. E-F The bus is moving at a steady speed of 5 m/s.

Question 2:

During which part of the journey was the bus moving fastest?

Question 3:

During which part of the journey did the bus have its greatest acceleration?

Useful for showing the component breakdown or make up of a whole

Waterfall Chart

Bar Graphs
Bar graphs are used to display data in a similar way to line graphs. However, rather than using a point on a plane to define a value, a bar graph uses a horizontal or vertical rectangular bar hat levels off at the appropriate level
They make comparisons between different variables very easy to see They clearly show trends in data, meaning that they show how one variable is affected as the other rises or falls Given one variable, the value of the other can be easily determined

Multi-Bar Chart Automation

Demonstrate relationships in a clean, easy-to-read style

Excellent for contrasting information and showing potential correlations in data

Comparison Bar Chart Automation

100 Percent Column Chart Automation

Focuses analysis on percentage make-up of different items

100 Percent Column Chart Automation

(cont.)

Use area charts to emphasize the change in value especially as the change relates to the components of a whole

Area Chart Automation

Pie Charts

Pie charts, or circle graphs as they are sometimes known, are very different from the other three types of graphs that we've looked at. Pie charts are display percentages. Therefore, they are used to compare different parts of the same whole.

The circle of a pie graph represents 100%. Each portion that takes up space within the circle stands for a part of that 100%. In this way, it is possible to see how something is divided among different groups

Used to show the percentage make-up or breakdown of a whole into its pieces. Best when used with fewer than 6 pie slices.

Pie Chart

Line graphs are the first choice when showing any type of time series analysis. In addition, they can be useful for frequency distributions where there are many categories or buckets of data

Line Graph

1. What was the minimum wage in January, 1978? 2. When did the minimum wage reach $3.35? 3. Between what time periods was the largest increase in minimum wage?

Best chart for displaying the correlation between two variables. In particular, when the number of data points is large, the scatter chart is the preferred method for showing the relationship.

Scatter Plot

Flowchart

A flowchart is a schematic representation of a process. They are commonly used in business/economic presentations to help the audience visualize the content better, or to find flaws in the process. Generally the start point, end points, inputs, outputs, possible paths and the decisions that lead to these possible paths are included.

Tools For Flowchart

A political cartoon is a type of cartoon that not only entertains in one of these ways but also makes a comment on a current political issue by using caricatures, symbols, and/or analogies. Although they may present an issue in simple terms, the reader still must understand the background of the issue to appreciate the cartoon.

Symbols are objects that are used to stand for something else.

Some examples of symbols are: a donkey (for Democrats), an elephant (for Republicans), the White House (for the president), the Capitol building (for Congress), and an eagle (for the United States.)

Caricatures are distortions or exaggerations of the physical features of someone or something. Cartoonists will take a slightly prominent feature, such as big teeth or a long nose, and make it more enlarged or comical. These comic images help the reader recognize the subject.

Labels are sometimes used to identify important features. Captions are also used to either hint at the main idea of the cartoon or to represent the words of the character in the cartoon. Captions might include what a character is saying or thinking.

Political cartoons may or may not be funny, but they are intended to be humorous.

Remember!!!

When analyzing a political cartoon:

1. Examine the entire cartoon to determine the general topic or intended meaning; 2. Then identify the symbols or caricatures or analogies used and what they identify;

3. Read all the labels and captions to determine the tone of the cartoon (positive/negative?);
4. Determine the quality of the humor - harsh, angry, or gently mocking.

Thank You!