5.

1 the frequency response of LTI system

5.2 system function
5.3 frequency response for rational system function
5.4 relationship between magnitude and phase
5.5 all-pass system
5.6 minimum-phase system
5.7 linear system with generalized linear phase
Chapter 5 transform analysis of linear
time-invariant system
5.1 the frequency response of LTI system
) (
| ) ( | ) (
] [ ) (
e
e e
e e
j
e H j j j
n
n j j
e e H e H
e n h e H
Z

=
=

| ) ( | . 1
e j
e H
magnitude response or gain
) ( ) ( | ) ( | . 2
2 e e e j j j
e H e H e H
-
=
magnitude square function
dB unit e H
j
: |, ) ( | log 20 . 3
10
e
log magnitude
| ) ( | log 20
10
e j
e H
magnitude attenuation
magnitude-frequency characteristic
log magnitude
linear magnitude
transform curve
from linear to log
magnitude
phase-frequency characteristic
) ( . 4
e j
e H Z
phase response
t t
e
s < )] ( [ . 5
j
e H ARG
principal phase
)] ( arg[ . 6
e j
e H
continuous phase
e
e
e
d
e H d
e H grd
j
j
)] ( arg[
)] ( [ . 7 =
group delay
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.1 EXAMPLE
understand group delay
Figure 5.2
t t t e 5 . 0 , 25 . 0 , 85 . 0 =
t t e 25 . 0 , 5 . 0 =
5.2 system function

=
n
n
z n h z H ] [ ) (
Characteristics of zeros and poles
1take origin and zeros and poles at infinite into consideration, the numbers of
zeros and poles are the same.
2for real coefficient, complex zeros and poles are conjugated, respectively.
3if causal and stable, poles are all in the unit circle.
4FIRhave no nonzero poles, called all-zeros type, steady
IIRhave nonzero pole; if no nonzero zeros , called all-poles type
] 1 [ ] [ ] [
1
1
1
) (
] 1 [ ] 1 [ ] [ ] [
1
1
2
+ =
+ =

=
+ =

n x n x n y
z
z
z
z H
n y n x n x n y
EXAMPLE
Difference about
zeros and poles in
FIR and IIR
) ( ) (
e j
e H z H
5.3 frequency response for rational system function
e
e
j
e z
j
z H e H
=
= | ) ( ) (
1.formular method
2. Geometrical method
[
[
=
=

=
N
k
k
M
k
k
M N
d z
c z
Bz z H
1
1
) (
) (
) (
e
e e e
e
e
e
e
) ( | ] arg[ ] arg[ ] arg[ )] ( arg[
| |
| |
| | | ) ( | | ) ( |
1 1
1
1
M N d e c e B e H
d e
c e
B z H e H
N
k
k
j
M
k
k
j j
N
k
k
j
M
k
k
j
e z
j
j
+ + =

= =

[
[
= =
=
=
=
3 2 1
3 2
1
)] ( arg[ , | | | ) ( | u u u + = = e
e e j j
e H
L L
L
B e H
EXAMPLE
magnitude response in w near zeros is minimum, there are zeros in unit circle, then
the magnitude is 0
magnitude response in w near poles is maximumzeros and poles counteracted each
other and in origin does not influence the magnitude.


| ) ( |
e j
e H
) 1 /( 1 a
) 1 /( 1 a +
t t 2 0
| | | | ,
1
1
) (
1
a z
az
z H >

=

EXAMPLE


t t 2 0
)] ( arg{
e j
e H

a
] 4 [ ] [ ] [ = n x n x n y


EXAMPLE
B=1
A=[1,-0.5]
figure(1)
zplane(B,A)
figure(2)
freqz(B,A)
figure(3)
grpdelay(B,A,10)

1
5 . 0 1
1
) (

=
z
z H
EXAMPLE
3.matlab method
5.4 relationship between magnitude and phase
) ( | ) ( | z H e H
j

e
poles reciprocal conjugate 4
zeros reciprocal conjugate 4
) ( | ) ( | ) / 1 ( ) ( | ) ( |
nonuniform
2 * *
uniform
2
|
= = z H e H z H z H e H z e
j j
je
e e
Figure 5.20

6 5 4
3 5 4
6 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
z z z
z z z
z z z
z z z
p p p
EXAMPLE
) / 1 ( ) (
* *
z H z H
Pole-zero plot for H(z): causal and stable
Confirm the poles and zeros
5.5 all-pass system
t cons e H
j
ap
tan | ) ( | =
e
[ [
=

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
c r
M
k
k
k
k
k
M
k
k
k
ap
z e
e z
z e
e z
z d
d z
A z H
1
1 *
1
1
* 1
1
1
1
) 1 (
) (
) 1 (
) (
1
) (
Zeros and poles are conjugate reciprocal
For real coefficient, zeros are conjugated , poles are conjugated.

4/3
3/4
EXAMPLE
Y
Y
Y
N
0 )] ( [ >
e j
ap
e H grd
t e
e
< < < 0 , 0 )] ( arg[ for e H
j
ap
Characteristics of causal and stable all-pass system:
| ) ( ' | | ) ( | ), ( ' ) ( ) (
e e j j
ap
e H e H z H z H z H = =
application
1. compensate the phase distortion
2. compensate the magnitude distortion together with minimum-phase system
) ( ) ( ). (
min
z H z H z H
ap
=
5.6 minimum-phase system
] [ ] [ * ] [ * ] [ ,
], [ ] [ * ] [ :
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ,
) ( / 1 ) ( , , 1 ) ( ) (
n x n h n h n x then
n n h n h or
z X z H z H z X then
z H z H is that z H z H
i
i
i
i i
=
=
=
= =
o
inverse system:
on intersecti have must ) ( and ) ( of
:, ] [ ] [ * ] [ of condition the
z H z H ROC
n n h n h
i
i
o =
explanation

1not all the systems have inverse system

2inverse system may be nonuniform

3the inverse system of causal and stable system may not be causal and stable
the condition of both original and its inverse system causal and stable
zeros and poles are all in the unit circlesuch system is called minimum-
phase system,
corresponding h[n] is minimum-phase sequence
poles are all in the unit circle, zeros are all outside the unit circle, such
system is called maximum-phase system
| ) ( | | ) ( |
) ( ) ( ) (
min
min
e e j j
ap
e H e H
z H z H z H
=
=

zeros outside the
unit circle
poles outside
the unit circle
minimum-phase system:
conjugate reciprocal
zeros and poles
all-pass system: counteracted
zeros and poles, zeros and
poles outside the circle
minimum-phase and all-pass decomposition
If H(z) is rational, then :
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( :
,
) (
1
) ( ), ( ) ( ) (
min
min
z H z H z H z H system total
z H
z H z H z H z H
ap c d
c ap d
= =
= =
Figure 5.25
Application of minimum-phase and all-pass decomposition
Compensate for amplitude distortion
Properties of minimum-phase systems:
) ( ) ( ) (
min
z H z H z H
ap
=
| ) ( | | ) ( |
min
e e j j
e H e H =
1minimum phase-delay
t e
e
e e
s s <
<
0 , 0 )] ( arg[
)] ( arg[ )] ( arg[
min
j
ap
j j
e H
e H e H

2minimum group-delay
0 )] ( [
)] ( [ )] ( [
min
>
<
e
e e
j
ap
j j
e H grd
e H grd e H grd

Minimum-phase system and some all-pass system in cascade can make up of another
system having the same magnitude response, so there are infinite systems having the
same magnitude response.
< >
=
=
=
>
=

=
=
n n E n E but
E E then
n h n h
e H e H
n E n E
then m h n E define
n n
j j
n
m
], [ ] [ ,
] [ ] [ ,
| ] [ | | ] [ |
| ) ( | | ) ( |
] [ ] [
, energy partial | ] [ | ] [ :
min
min
0
2
min
0
2
min
min
0
2
e e

3minimum energy-delayi.e. the partial energy is most concentrated around n=0

Figure 5.30

maximum phase
EXAMPLE
minimum phase
Systems having the same
magnitude response
Figure 5.31
minimum phase
Figure 5.32
5.7 linear system with generalized linear phase

5.7.1 definition
5.7.2 conditions of generalized linear phase system
5.7.3 causal generalized linear phase (FIR)system
5.7.1 definition
) ( )] ( [ ), ( )] ( arg[
| | | ) ( | ) (
real e H grd line e H
e e H e H
j j
j j j
o eo
t e
e e
eo e e
= =
< =

Strict:
o
| eo
t e
e
e
e
| eo e e
=
+ =
< =
+
)] ( [
, )] ( arg[
) (
| | ) ( ) (
j
j
j
j j j j
e H grd
e H
function real a is e A
e e A e H
Generalized:
Systems having constant group delay
phase
t e
o
e e
< =
= - =
=

| | ) (
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] [
m j j
id
id
id
e e H
m n x n h n x n y
m n n h
EXAMPLE
ideal delay system
T
e A e
T
T j e H
j j j
e
t | o
e
e
e t e
= = = = = ) ( , 2 / , 0 , / ) (
2 /
differentiatormagnitude and phase are all linear
EXAMPLE
physical meaning
all components of input signal are delayed by the same amount in strict
linear phase system then there is only magnitude distortion, no phase distortion.
it is very important for image signal and high-fidelity audio signal to have no
phase distortion.
when B=0, for generalized linear phase, the phase in the whole band is not
linear, but is linear in the pass band, because the phase +PI only occurs when
magnitude is 0, and the magnitude in the pass band is not 0.
square wave with fundamental
frequency 100 Hz
linear phase filter
lowpass filter with cut-off
frequency 400Hz
nonlinear phase filter
lowpass filter with cut-off
frequency 400Hz
EXAMPLE
Generalized linear phase in the
pass band is strict linear phase
Generalized linear phase in the
pass band is strict linear phase
5.7.2 conditions of generalized linear phase system

=
=
=

=
=
=
] [ ] 2 [
) (int 2
2 / 3 2 /
) 2 (
] [ ] 2 [
) (int 2
0
) 1 (
n h n h
eger M
or
n h n h
eger M
or
o
o
t t |
o
o
t |

=
=
= =

=
=
= =
2 /
2 / 3 2 /
: , int
, ,... ], [ ] [ : ) 2 (
2 /
0
: , int
, ,... ], [ ] [ : ) 1 (
M
or
then eger a is M
n n h n M h if
M
or
then eger a is M
n n h n M h if
o
t t |
o
t |
Or:
Figure 5.35
M:even
M:odd
M:not integer
EXAMPLE
M:not integer
determine whether these system is linear phase,generalized or strict?a and =?

2

2
3

1

2
1
3
EXAMPLE
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
5.7.3 causal generalized linear phase (FIR)system
M n or n for n h
M n n M h n h
> < =
s s =
0 , 0 ] [
0 ], [ ] [
odd M n M h n h
typeIV
even M n M h n h
typeIII
odd M n M h n h
typeII
even M n M h n h
typeI
: ], [ ] [
: ) 4 (
: ], [ ] [
: ) 3 (
: ], [ ] [
: ) 2 (
: ], [ ] [
: ) 1 (
=
=
=
=
Magnitude and phase characteristics of the 4 types
2 /
2
) ( t e e + = u
M

=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
M
n
j
n
M
n h e A
0
2 2
cos ) ( ) (
t
e
e
2 / ... 2 , 1 ], 2 / [ 2 ] [ ], 2 / [ ] 0 [ :
) cos( ] [
2
cos ] [ ) ( :
2 /
0 0
M k k M h k a M h a where
k k a n
M
n h e A typeI
M
k
M
n
j
= = =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
e e
e
2 / ) 1 ...( 2 , 1 ], 2 / ) 1 [( 2 ] [ :
)) 2 / 1 ( cos( ] [
2
cos ] [ ) ( :
2 /
0 0
+ = + =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
M k k M h k b where
k k b n
M
n h e A typeII
M
k
M
n
j
e e
e
2 / ... 2 , 1 ], 2 / [ 2 ] [ :
) sin( ] [
2
cos ] [ ) ( :
2 /
0 0
M k k M h k c where
k k c n
M
n h e A typeIII
M
k
M
n
j
= =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
e e
e
2 / ) 1 ...( 2 , 1 ], 2 / ) 1 [( 2 ] [ :
)) 2 / 1 ( sin( ] [
2
cos ] [ ) ( :
2 /
0 0
+ = + =
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
M k k M h k d where
k k d n
M
n h e A typeIV
M
k
M
n
j
e e
e
| ) ( |
e j
e H
I II
)} ( {
e j
e H ARG
)} ( {
e j
e H grd
III IV
| ) ( |
e j
e H
)} ( {
e j
e H ARG
)} ( {
e j
e H grd

z5
z4
z3*
z3
1/z2
1/z
1
*
1/z1
z1
z1*
z2
Characteristic of zeros: commonness
Figure 5.41
Characteristic of every type
0 ) ( =
t j
e H
type I
type II
type III
type IV
0 ) ( , 0 ) (
0
= =
t j j
e H e H
0 ) (
0
=
j
e H
characteristic of magnitude get from characteristic of zeros
M is even M is odd
low high band pass band stop low high band pass band stop
h[n] is even (I) Y Y Y Y Y N Y N (II)
h[n] is odd (III) N N Y N N Y Y N (IV)
Application of 4 types of linear phase system:
5.1 the frequency response of LTI system :
5.2 system function
5.3 frequency response for rational system function:
5.4 relationship between magnitude and phase :
5.5 all-pass system
5.6 minimum-phase system
5.7 linear system with generalized linear phase FIR)
5.7.1 definition:
5.7.2 conditions : h[n] is symmetrical
5.7.3 causal generalized linear phase system
1.condition
2.classification
3.characteristics of magnitude and phase , filters in point respectively
4.analyse of characteristic of magnitude from the zeros of system function

) (
e j
e H
) ( ) (
e j
e H z H
) ( | ) ( |
2
z H e H
j

e
t e
eo e e
< =

| | ) ( ) (
j j j
e e A e H
summary
requirement:
concept of magnitude and phase response, group delay;
transformation among system function, phase response and
difference equation;
concept of all-pass, minimum-phase and linear phase system and
characteristic of zeros and poles;
minimum-phase and all-pass decomposition;
conditions of linear phase system , restriction of using as filters
key and difficulty
linear phase system
exercises
5.17 complementarityminimum-phase and all-pass decomposition
5.21
5.45
5.53
the first experiment
problem 1D
problem 11
problem 13C
problem 22A
problem 24AC
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