Non-Linear Optics and Second-Harmonic Generation

GROUP M EETING R EPORT 13JANUARY2014 B UENSUCESO, C LARISSE E LICA

Non-Linear Optics
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Branch of optics that describes the behavior of light

in a non-linear media
LINEAR OPTICS vs NON-LINEAR OPTICS F (x1 + x2 + ) = F (x1) + F (x2) + F (ax) = aF (x) Requirements for a linear system

*Linear optics can be described using linear equation while non-linear optics need higher order equation

Non-Linear Optics
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REQUIREMENT FOR A NON-LINEAR MEDIA 1. Very high intensity light (e.g. pulsed lasers) 2. Strongly birefringent 3. Specific crystal symmetry 4. Transparent 5. Have high damage thresholds

Non-Linear Optics
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NON-LINEAR OPTICAL PROCESSES (examples) Frequency mixing processes (e.g. SHG) Optical Kerr effect Cross-phase modulation Four-wave mixing Et c.

Second Harmonic Generation

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aka Frequency Doubling

Two photons of the same frequency interacting with a nonlinear material are combined to generate a new photon whose frequency is twice the original

Second Harmonic Generation

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Most common material for SHG: CRYSTAL e.g. quasi-phase matching crystal like periodicallypoled lithium niobate THREE TYPES OF SHG IN CRSYTAL
starting photons TYPE 0 SHG Extraordinary polarization TYPE I SHG Ordinary polarization TYPE II SHG Orthogonal polarization resulting photon Extraordinary polarization with frequency twice the original

Second Harmonic Generation

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BIREFRINGENCE An optical property of a material with a refractive index is dependent on the polarization and propagation of direction of light

Double Refraction

wrt optic axis: ordinary ray

|| wrt optic axis: extraordinary
ray

Second Harmonic Generation

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Current SHG materials: ORGANIC POLYMERS and MATERIALS ADVANTAGES: 1. Cheaper 2. Have lower drive voltages 3. Superior performance 4. Wide applications in environmental science

Surface Second Harmonic Generation

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Method for probing interfaces in atomic and

molecular systems Conversion of two photons into a single photon by interacting with a noncentrosymmetric media CENTROSYMMETRY refers to a point group which contains an inversion center as one of its symmetry elements

noncentrosymmetric materials = no inversion symmetry

Surface Second Harmonic Generation

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Noncentrosymmetric material can be divided into two types: 1. Chiral type materials with no rotoinversion symmetry elements 2. Polar type points groups which are neither centrosymmetry nor chiral; contains unique anisotropic axis

Surface Second Harmonic Generation

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Surface SHG is possible for materials which do not exhibit SHG in the bulk.

Surface Second Harmonic Generation

source: http://cnsm.kaist.ac.kr/facility.htm

Application
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3D Imaging

Cox G, Gorrell MD, et.al. "3-Dimensional Imaging of Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generation." Journal of Structural Biology 141.1 (2003): 53-62.

Application
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3D Imaging

Cox G, Gorrell MD, et.al. "3-Dimensional Imaging of Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generation." Journal of Structural Biology 141.1 (2003): 53-62.

Application
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3D Imaging

Cox G, Gorrell MD, et.al. "3-Dimensional Imaging of Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generation." Journal of Structural Biology 141.1 (2003): 53-62.

Application
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3D Imaging

Cox G, Gorrell MD, et.al. "3-Dimensional Imaging of Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generation." Journal of Structural Biology 141.1 (2003): 53-62.

Application
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Adsorption Studies

Eckenrode HM, et.al. "Adsorption of a Cationic Dye Molecule on Polystyrene Microspheres in Colloids: Effect of Surface Charge and Composition Probed by Second Harmonic Generation."The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109.10 (2005): 4646-653

Application
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Adsorption Studies

Eckenrode HM, et.al. "Adsorption of a Cationic Dye Molecule on Polystyrene Microspheres in Colloids: Effect of Surface Charge and Composition Probed by Second Harmonic Generation."The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109.10 (2005): 4646-653

Application
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Molecular Chirality

Petralli-Mallow T, Hicks JM, etl.al. "Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy at Interfaces: A Surface Second Harmonic Generation Study." The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97.7 (1993): 1383-388.

Application
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Molecular Chirality

Petralli-Mallow T, Hicks JM, etl.al. "Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy at Interfaces: A Surface Second Harmonic Generation Study." The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97.7 (1993): 1383-388.

References
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Boyd, Robert W. Nonlinear Optics. San Diego, CA: Academic,

2003. Cox G, Gorrell MD, et.al. "3-Dimensional Imaging of Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generation." Journal of Structural Biology 141.1 (2003): 53-62. Eckenrode HM, et.al. "Adsorption of a Cationic Dye Molecule on Polystyrene Microspheres in Colloids: Effect of Surface Charge and Composition Probed by Second Harmonic Generation."The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109.10 (2005): 4646-653. Petralli-Mallow T, Hicks JM, etl.al. "Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy at Interfaces: A Surface Second Harmonic Generation Study." The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97.7 (1993): 1383-388.