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CHM 474
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Outlines.
dimolecule
based on VSEPR
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Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that participate in chemical bonding.
Group 1A 2A e- configuration ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 # of valence e1 2 3 4 5 6
3A
4A 5A 6A 7A
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ns2np5
7
5
9.1
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Li+ F -
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Covalent Bonding
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lone pairs
F F
lone pairs
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Continued
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O +
H O H 2e8e-2e-
or
Double bond two atoms share two pairs of electrons O C O 8e- 8e- 8edouble bonds
or
double bonds
or
N
13
triple bond
triple bond
9.4
C-C C C C C C-N C N
C N
Bond Lengths Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond
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9.4
Chemical Bonds
Bond Type # of es Notation Bond order Bond strength Bond length
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Single 2 1
Double 4 = 2
Triple 6 3
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N F
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O
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right has 5 e- pairs around P (hypervalence) Analysis of phosphoric acid shows purely Td phosphate groups, which requires something beyond either simple Lewis model.
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total number total number of valence of nonbonding electrons in electrons the free atom
1 2
)
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The sum of the formal charges of the atoms in a molecule or ion must equal the charge on the molecule or ion.
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-1 H C
+1 O H
total number total number of valence of nonbonding electrons in electrons the free atom
1 2
formal charge = 4 - 2 - x 6 = -1 on C
formal charge = 6 - 2 - x 6 = +1 on O
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2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less plausible than those with small formal charges.
3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of formal charges, the most plausible structure is the one in which negative formal charges are placed on the more electronegative atoms. Which is the most likely Lewis structure for CH2O? -1 H
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+1 O H
H H
0 C
0 O
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A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by only one Lewis structure. + + O O O O O O
C
O
C
O -
C
O -
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Be
BF3
B F
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The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
SF6
S 6F 42e48e6e-
F S
F
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linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral
trigonal bipyramidal
octahedral
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Class
Molecular Geometry
AB2
linear
B
linear
B
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB2
AB3
2
3
0
0
linear
trigonal planar
linear
trigonal planar
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VSEPR
Class
# of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB3 AB2E
3 2
0 1
trigonal planar
bent
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Shape
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB2
AB3 AB4
2
3 4
0
0 0
linear
trigonal planar
linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral
tetrahedral
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VSEPR
Class
# of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB4 AB3E
4 3
0 1
tetrahedral tetrahedral
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
4 3 2
0 1 2
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lone-pair vs. lone pair lone-pair vs. bonding bonding-pair vs. bonding > > repulsion pair repulsion pair repulsion
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB2
AB3 AB4 AB5
2
3 4 5
0
0 0 0
linear
trigonal planar
linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral
trigonal bipyramidal
tetrahedral
trigonal bipyramidal
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB5
AB4E
5
4
0
1
trigonal bipyramidal
trigonal bipyramidal
trigonal bipyramidal
distorted tetrahedron
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB5
AB4E AB3E2
5
4 3
0
1 2
trigonal bipyramidal
trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal
trigonal bipyramidal
distorted tetrahedron T-shaped F
Cl F
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB5
AB4E AB3E2 AB2E3
5
4 3 2
0
1 2 3
trigonal bipyramidal
trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal trigonal bipyramidal
trigonal bipyramidal
distorted tetrahedron T-shaped linear I I
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PF5
AsF5
SOF4
ClF3 BrF3
XeF2 I3IF2-
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB2
AB3 AB4 AB5 AB6
2
3 4 5 6
0
0 0 0 0
linear
trigonal planar
linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral
trigonal bipyramidal octahedral
tetrahedral
trigonal bipyramidal octahedral
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
AB6 AB5E
6 5
0 1
octahedral
octahedral
octahedral
square pyramidal F F F Br F F
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VSEPR
Class # of atoms bonded to central atom # lone pairs on central atom Arrangement of electron pairs Molecular Geometry
6 5 4
0 1 2
octahedral
octahedral octahedral
octahedral
square pyramidal square planar F Xe F F F
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2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and number of atoms bonded to the central atom. 3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.
O F
F S F F
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