Compendium Review

Major Topic One: Cells

Table of Contents
Part 3
 Cell Organization

 Plasma Membrane

 Nucleus and Proteins

 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

 Mitochondria

 Cellular Metabolism

Part 4
 Tissue Types

 Connective Tissue

 Muscular Tissue

 Nervous Tissue

 Epithelial Tissue and Cell Junctions

 Integumentary System

 Organ System

 Homeostasis
 Part 3

 Cell Organization
 Plasma Membrane
 Nucleus and Proteins
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
 Mitochondria
 Cellular Metabolism
 What is a Cell & How is it
Organized?
 A cell is the basic unit of life.
 All living things are constructed of cells
 Cells are produced from preexisting cells
 Humans, for example, are multicellular
organisms
 Cells are specialized; each having a specific
function and structure
 Contain a nucleus (membrane encased
structure) where DNA and protein is located
PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• About 3.5 Billion years old • About 1.7 Billion years old
• First known cells having no • Believed to have evolved from
nucleus archaea
• Plasma membrane (Controls • Contain a nucleus
material entrance/exit of • Plasma membrane (Controls
molecules) material entrance/exit of
• Bacteria and archaea molecules)
• Only one or two organelles (no • Many types of organelles
endomembrane system) • DNA surrounded by
• DNA not surrounded by membrane
membrane

Picture of Prokaryotic
Cell
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/Eukaryote

http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/Cell_%28bio
logy%29

Picture of Eukaryotic
 Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader
How Did a Eukaryotic Cell Page 44

Form?
1. Plasma membrane folds inward
surrounding DNA
2. Growth of membrane results in
endomembrane system
3. Gained protomitochondria ~
mitochondria (Animal Cell)
4. Gained Protochloroplast ~
chloroplast (Plant Cell)

PLASMA MEMBRANE:
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
present
CYTOPLASM: Semi-fluid filling in
cells that contains the organelles
ORGANELLES: Structures in
cytoplasm with specific duties
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM:
Internal membrane system
 Cell Organization
 Plasma Membrane
 Nucleus and Proteins
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
 Mitochondria
 Cellular Metabolism
 Plasma Membrane
The PLASMA MEMBRANE is the outer
plasma layer comprised of a
phospholipid bilayer with attached
proteins. The membrane separates
the inside of the cell from the
outside environment, helping to
keep the cell intact.
The membrane is
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
because it only allows
some smaller molecules
and ions to enter the
cytoplasm and exit.

Picture From
Fatty Acid http://www.amarincorp
.com/science_and_tech

HydrophilicTails
Polar nology/lipophilic_platfo
rm.452.399.html
 Plasma Membrane and its Function
DIFFUSION: Molecules and Picture
ions can transfer across the from
Human

plasma membrane by Biology

by
Sylvia S.
diffusion; taking higher Mader
Page 47
particle concentration areas
and moving the particles to
lower concentrated areas.
OSMOSIS: Transmission of H2O
across the plasma membrane. Picture
from
http://en.
Osmosis consists of H2O and a wikipedia.
org/wiki/O
solute. If the solute has a higher smosis

concentration than inside a cell,

it is known as a HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION. If the solute has the
same concentration as in a cell, TONICITY: “…
it is known as an ISOTONIC Concentration of the
SOLUTION. If the solute has a solute in a solution…”
lower concentration than inside Verbiage from
Human Biology

a cell, it is known as a by Sylvia S.

Mader page 47
 Plasma Membrane and its Function
Continued
FACILITATED TRANSPORT: Sugar
molecules and amino acids are Facilitated
vehicled across the plasma Transfer
membrane by way of carrier
proteins. The cell does not use
energy transferring substances
from higher concentrations to
lower concentrations. There are
specialized transporters for certain
molecules.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Molecules are

vehicled across the plasma
membrane by protein carriers from
a lower concentrated area to a
higher concentrated area. The cell
uses energy from the breakdown of Active
ATP to pump the substances to Transport
higher concentrated areas. Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page
 Plasma Membrane and its Function
Continued
ENDOCYTOSIS is a
process where the
plasma membrane
surrounds a substance
and brings it into the
cell.
* Some cells can collect pathogens through endocytosis which is
known as PHAGOCYTOSIS.

EXOCYTOSIS is a
process where
substances will exit the
plasma membrane of a
cell by fusing with the
membrane to form a
Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 48
 Cell Organization
 Plasma Membrane
 Nucleus and Proteins
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
 Mitochondria
 Cellular Metabolism
 Nucleus and Proteins
The NUCLEUS contains the cells genetic data and controls the
activities within the cell. It is separated from the cytoplasm by a
double membrane called the NUCLEUR ENVELOPE. The nucleus also
contains tiny threads called CHROMATIN which are made up of DNA
and proteins. The chromatins’ are located in a semiliquid fluid called
NUCLEOPLASM. Right before a cell divides, chromatin shrinks into a
smaller structure called a CHROMOSOME
1. Nucleolus,. where
POLYRIBOSOMES: ribosomal subunits are
A ribosome, or created
group of 2.
ribosomes’, found Nucleus
3.
in the cytoplasm Ribosome
RIBOSOMES are
membranous
structures made
of proteins and
rRNA
5. Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
ROUGH ER is a
Picture from
membranous system of
http://en.wikipedia.o channels and sacs where
rg/wiki/Cell_nucleus
 Endomembrane System
The ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM is made of an assortment of organelles
involved in transport inside a cell. The endomembrane system
includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
ROUGH ER is a membranous
and vesicles.
Picture
system of channels and sacs from
Human
where ribosomes’ attach on Biology
by
the cytoplasm side. Proteins Sylvia S.
Mader
are synthesized here. page 50

SMOOTH ER synthesizes the

phospholipids and does not
have any ribosomes’
attached. GOLGI APPARATUS
modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins and Golgi
lipids. The packages that Lysosome Apparatus
leave the Golgi apparatus,
known as VESICLES, move Vesicle
to different parts inside the
cell. One vesicle, called a
LYSOSOME, contains Smooth ER Rough
hydrolytic enzymes which ER
 Cell Organization
 Plasma Membrane
 Nucleus and Proteins
 Cytoskeleton and Cell
Movement
 Mitochondria
 Cellular Metabolism
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Every cell has a collection of protein fibers known as the
CYTOSKELETON. The cytoskeleton gives a cell shape and helps
organelles navigate throughout a cell.
The cytoskeleton is made up of
microtubules, centrosomes, actin
and intermediate filaments. A
MICROTUBULES is a cylinder shaped
structure consisting of 13 long rows
called TUBULIN. Not only can
organelles move along the
microtubules, but the microtubules
give shape to cells. Microtubules
help move chromosomes during cell
division. The CENTROSOME is the
microtubule organizing hub. ACTIN
FILAMENTS are skinny fibers made of
a protein (actin) and aids in cell
movement. INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENTS are ropelike structures Picture from
http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/cytoskeleton/
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Continued
Depending on what organ the cells are attached to, cilia
and flagella are involved in different types of
movements.
CILLIUM are little
string-like projections
from the plasma
membrane and are Cili
used to either move a
something, like mucus
out of a windpipe, or
facilitate in the Flagell
movement of a
something, like an
ovum down the Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader
Page 51

fallopian tubes.
FLAGELLUM are long
skinny branches that
Cilia and
help push a cellflagella are both constructed of microtubules and
throughcovered with a plasma membrane. Structures called BASAL
fluid-like
BODIES, consisting of microtubules and proteins, is where cilia
substances.
 Cell Organization
 Plasma Membrane
 Nucleus and Proteins
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
 Mitochondria
 Cellular Metabolism
 Mitochondria
MITOCHONDIA is the organelles which produce ATP during cellular
respiration. They have their own genes and can replicate themselves.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION is a process that occurs when mitochondria use
oxygen (releasing carbon dioxide and H2O) to create ATP. ATP molecules are
made when the mitochondria switch the energy of glucose materials into ATP
energy.

CRISTAE are the inner

folds of the
mitochondrion. The
inner space, called the
MATRIX, is filled with a
gel fluid. The matrix
contains enzymes
which are responsible
for breaking down
glucose materials.
Enzymes aid at
speeding up chemical
reactions.
Picture from
http://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Mitochondria
 Cell Organization
 Plasma Membrane
 Nucleus and Proteins
 Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
 Mitochondria
 Cellular Metabolism
Cellular Metabolism & Respiration: All chemical
reactions inside cell, run by genes within DNA

An enzyme’s SUBSTRATE is the participant in the reaction. An

enzyme brings a substrate to an ACTIVE SITE for reaction. The
substrates fit together with the enzymes to form a product. When
a substrate and an enzyme bond to form a reaction and the
substrate is broken down and released, this is known as
DEGRADATION. If substrates bond with an enzyme and are
released as one substrate, this is known as SYNTHESIS.
Nonprotein molecules called COENZYMES help the activities that
enzymes perform.

Degradati Synthesis
on Pictures from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 53
 Cellular Metabolism & Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Continued
Production of ATP/Cellular
• Cells receive oxygen Respiration
and glucose
• Oxygen and glucose
broken down to CO2
and H2O
• Glucose is broken
down by glycolysis,
citric acid cycle, and
electron transport
chain
GLYCOLYSIS takes place in the cytoplasm and is the process of splitting a C6
molecule in half. Since glycolysis does not need oxygen to perform, it is
considered ANAEROBIC. In removing hydrogens and electrons, energy gets
released. This energy supplies two ATP molecules.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE takes place in the mitochondria's matrix. It involves a
sequence of reactions which releases CO2 and carries hydrogen and electrons
away. Two ATP per molecule are created.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are fixed in the cristae and hold carrier
proteins which pass the electrons around. As each electron is passed from
carrier to carrier it loses energy which is used for ATP
Picture creation.
from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page
 Cellular Metabolism & Respiration
Continued
FERMENTATION is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose for immediate
energy consumption. The process does not function with the electron
transport or citric acid cycle because oxygen is not available. While
fermentation can produce two ATP, it generates toxins. During
exercise, lactate acid can build up causing muscle cramps. When the
acid builds up, it is because the muscles have been depleted of
oxygen and start fermenting (called oxygen deficit).