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DAMS1
DAMS1
Dam.........................................................baraj Small dam...............................................bent veya glet Reservoir................................................hazne veya gl alan Leakage..................................................su kaa Seepage..................................................szma Storage...................................................depolama Coffer dam..............................................batardo Upstream coffer dam.............................memba batardosu Downstream coffer dam........................mansap batardosu Core.........................................................baraj ekirdei Filter.........................................................filtre veya geirgen katman Diversion tunnel.....................................derivasyon tneli evirme tneli Rip-rap.....................................................koruyucu kaya dolgu Cut-off.....................................................hendek Toe-drain.................................................topuk drenaj Right side................................................sa yan sa sahil Left side..................................................sol yan sol sahil
River side.....................................nehir ii Butress.........................................payanda Foundation...................................temel Embankment................................sedde Base-width....................................taban genilii Crest..............................................tepe Cut-off trench...............................saplama hendei Expansion joint............................genileme derzi (dilatasyon) Spillway........................................dolusavak Gravity dam..................................arlk baraj Tail water......................................kan su Head water...................................giren su Arch dam......................................kemer baraj Abutment......................................yan dayanak Multiple arch dam........................ok kemerli baraj veya payandal baraj Extrados.......................................d yzey Intrados........................................i yzey
Parapet...............................................korkuluk Rock fill dam......................................kaya dolgu baraj Compacted rock fill...........................sktrlm kaya dolgu Dumped rock fill................................dkme kaya dolgu Foot wall.............................................topuk duvar Earth dam...........................................toprak baraj Watertight core..................................geirimsiz ekirdek Watertight diaphram.........................geirimsiz perde Retaining wall....................................istinat (dayanma) duvar Hard ground......................................salam zemin Impervious ground...........................geirimsiz zemin Grout curtain.....................................enjeksiyon (harlama) perdesi Overburden.......................................syrlacak katman Bedrock.............................................yerli kaya
In Turkey, 536 large dams have been built and being operated. On the other hand, Small Hydraulic Works Department has built 42 small dams. Here, 50 storage facilities that are not considered as dam due to their low heights (<15m) and low storage capatcities (<2 hm3) have not been taken into account. By now, construction of 100 dams and hydroelectric powerplants is going on.
Definition
A dam is a structure which prevents the flow of water and accumulates it in a reservoir
Karakaya Dam/Diyarbakr
Atatrk Dam/anlurfa
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Drinking and domestic water supply Flood control Irrigation Industrial water supply Hydroelectric energy production Retention and control of sediments
and Inland navigation, Improvement of water quality, Fish Farming, Recreation facilities
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
If the crest length is bigger than 500m If the reservoir capacity is larger than 1 million m3 If the flood discharge is more than 2000 m3/s If there are some difficulties in the construction of foundation
Medium Dam
Gravity Dams
Arch Dams Butress Dams Embankment Dams Composite Dams
(Saryar, ubuk I, Kemer, Sr II Karacaren II) (Gkekaya, Karakaya, Oymapnar, Gezende) (Elmal II) (Atatrk, Seyhan, Aslanta) (Keban)
GRAVITY DAMS
Gravity Dams use their triangular shape and the sheer weight of their rock and concrete structure to hold back the water in the reservoir.
ARCH DAMS
Arch Dams utilize the strength of an arch to displace the load of water behind it onto the rock walls that it is built into.
Karakaya Dam Frat River; Height= 173 m Reservoir Capacity= 9,5 billion m3
BUTRESS DAMS
Buttress Dams use multiple reinforced columns to support a dam that has a relatively thin structure. Because of this, these dams often use half as much concrete as gravity dams
Elmal II Gksu River; Height= 42.5 m Reservoir Capacity= 10 million m3
They are mostly composed of natural materials such as, clay, sand, gravel etc... Impervious core is placed in the middle of the embankment body Generally riprap is used to control erosion
Atatrk Dam Frat River; Height= 169 m; Reservoir Capacity= 48,7 billion m3
COMPOSITE DAMS
Composite dams are combinations of one or more dam types. Most often a large section of a dam will be either an embankment or gravity dam, with the section responsible for power generation being a buttress or arch.
1. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
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Evaluation of the data having at archives of MTA, DSI, EIE, Universities,......etc Field investigation for limited time (Reconnaissance Study) Some maps in small scale, for example 1/25.000 or 1/50.000 Some hydraulic data about
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Basin Precipitation area Runoff, maximum discharge {Q=R/t (m3/s)} Modulus of Runoff (R/t/m2 ~ R/t/km2)
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Some approach to the reservoir area, dam site and type of dam and height of dam...etc Photogeological studies A preliminary report
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Slope stability investigations Earthquake hazard & risk analysis Environmental studies Leakage possibilities from reservoir area Leakage possibilities from dam site Erosion, sedimentation & siltation
Topographic surveyings
Geological mappings 1/5000 1/1000 or 1/500 Underground explorations Boreholes, adits....etc
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Hydrogeological studies
Slope stability analysis
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Topography Geology
Bearing capacity of the underlying soil Foundation settlements Permeability of the foundation soil
Material availability Spillway position Earthquakes Safety Height Aesthetic view Qualified labour Cost
Topography Geology Materials Spillway location availability Derivation Sediments in the flowing water Water quality Expropriation costs Earthquake possibility Downstream water rights
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of CONSTRUCTION PHASE of DAMS River pollution Erosion Loss of aesthetic view Air pollution Noise pollution Dust
The area that is covered by the reservoir is destroyed, killing whatever habitat existed there beforehand.
Loss of archeological and histrorical places Loss of mineral deposits Loss of special geological formations Aesthetic view reduction Sedimentation Change in river flow regime and flood effects Reservoir induced seismicity Change in climate and plant species
Water discharged from the spillway contains 110-120% saturated nitrogen. This amount may be destructive for fish life.
Eutrophication
It means increase in vegetation. If moss and other plants exist in water, quality of that water gets worse.