cementing

By Karwan saeed Ibrahim

#1 1.1.Functions of cement 1.2.Cement type and Cement additives 1.3.Slurry testing 1.4. 2.1.Casing and Cementing hardware #2 2.1. Cementing Mechanics 2.2.Displacement Theory 2.3. Washes and Spaces 2.4. 3.2.Cement Calculations #3 3.1.Cement plugs 3.2.Cement squeezing. 3.3.Cement Problems. 3.4.Cement Evaluation 3.5.Cement failures and problems

 Cement Functions:

Completes the isolation step that was started with casing. Pressure isolation Pipe support and protection Exterior corrosion Pressure control Load and force application support Leakoff control prevents crossflow? Water influx control

1.2.Cement Type

1.2.Cement Additives

-Nut Shells (cellophane) -Barite,Baso4 -Hydrocarbons(Diesel,Oil,Kerosene) -Bentonite -Lost circulation control agents -Fluid loss additives -Dispersants -Miscellaneous Agents -Weighting Agents -Extenders -Retarders -Accelerators

additives
Type of additives accelerators use Reducing WOC time Increasing thickening time for placement ,reducing slurry viscosity Reducing weight Increasing slurry weight bridging Chemical composition Calcium chloride Sodium chloride gypsum Organic acids Lignosulfonates benefit Accelerated setting ,high early strenght Increased pumping time

retarders

Weight reducing additives Heavy weight additives Additives for controlling lost circulation Filtration-control additives

Bentonite gilsonite Hematite dispersants Walnut hulls Gypsum cement

Lighter weight economy Higher density Lighter fluid columns Squeezed fractured zone Reduced dehydration

Squeeze cementing ,setting long liners

polymers

There are five steps required to obtain successful cement placement

Analyze the well parameters Calculate fluid (slurry)composition

Use necessary hardware

Monitor the treatment in real time Evaluate the results .compare with the design in first step

1.3.Slurry Testing
-Thickening time(consistometer) -Free water and Sedimentation(2hrs) -Fluid loss -Compressive Strength

-Rheology (Temp. 80F ,reading should be reported at 200

,100, 60, 30,6 and 3rpm)

In summary slurry testing is a major requirement for

successful oil well cementing especially in high angle or horizontal wells.

2.1.Casing and Cementing hardware

-Guide shoe(a simple guide ,a ball valve or flapper). -Float collars -Baskets &Centralizers -Cement plugs

-Multi stage collar

Casing guide shoe

Float collars

Baskets & centralizers

Cement plugs :separate fluids with wiping casing

Multi stage collar :

reduce total pumping pressure and hydrostatic pressure on weak formations ,allow entire length of casing to be cemented.

Multistage cement collar is used for :

.Reduce total pumping pressure
.Reduce total HP on weak formations .Allow entire length of casing to be cemeneted

2.2.Cementing Mechanics
Conditioning the drilling mud :
Hole section inches
17 1/2

PV cp
<30

YP Ibf /100f^2
<15

Gel strenght 10s/10min

<20/25

12 1/4

<30

<12

<15/25

8 1/2

<30

10

10<20

Centralization & baskets :the most important

factor in achieving efficient mud displacement and cement placement

Bumping the plug

2.3.displacement theory
.The effect of mud rheology
.The effect of casing eccentricity .The effect of annular velocity

.The effect of casing movement

3.1 washes and spacers

An intermediate fluid is used as a Pre flush to clean

the drilling mud from the annulus (wash) ,water with the possible addition of a surfactant .

Cement calculations
Lead and tail slurry volumes mix water and additive

volumes Total quantity of cement Displacement volume Hydrostatic Pressure for various cement positions Differential pressure at the end of cement displacement Collapse pressure at the casing shoe at the end of displacement The expected total volume of returns during the cement job.

Blended cements
The normal unit volume for cement is 1 sack which

corresponds to 94 Ibs of weight occupying a packed volume of 1cubic foot The most common blended cement is class G mixed with 35% by weight of cement silica flour which is used in high temperature situations

Silica flour blend # Bulk density of silica =70 Ibs /cu.ft # 1 sack of cement is equivalent to 94 Ibs=1 cu.ft # 35% silica is equivalent to 33 Ibs (0.93*94)=0.47cu.ft

8% bentonite blend # Bulk density of bentonite =60 Ibs /cu.ft # I sack of cement is equivalent to 94 Ibs=1cu.ft # 8% bentonite =7.5Ibs =0.13cu.ft

Table below lists absolute volumes and specific gravities of common cementing materilals

How to calculate the slurry density of class G :

Density of slurry =total weight(Ib)/total volume (gal)

Slurry yield

=total volume /conversion factor

Cement Plugs:Cement plug Functions: (a) To plug back a zone or abandon a well (b) To sidetrack above a fish or to initiate a sidetrack (c) To provide a seal for open hole testing (d) To cure a lost circulation zone.

Cement plug Techniques

The 3 common techniques for setting a cement plug

are: 1. Balanced Plug 2. Dump Bailer 3. Two Plug Method.

Cement squeezing: reasons are as follows:

The repair of a faulty or inadequate primary cement

job To shut-off the flow of unwanted water or gas The isolation of a zone prior to perforating for production To abandon a non-productive or depleted zone To repair casing leaks

Cement Problems and Failures

Cement at shoe not strong enough to contain pressure of

deeper zones must repair before drilling ahead. Casing not centralized leaves mud channel on low size. May leak now or later. Requires squeeze. Cement mixed with too much water causing channel along the top of the hole. Casing not moved during cementing (sometime impossible in deviated wells) you need to get mud displacement by cement to get a good job. Not enough cement in annulus to function as a barrierlures

Cement Evolution tools

Cement Bond Log (CBL)
Variable Density Log (VDL) Cement Evaluation Tool (CET)

Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging (USI)

Segmented Bond Tool (SBT)

Thanks for your attention