CHAPTER 4 STATISTICS

Pie Chart
Pie charts, like pictograms, bar charts and line graphs are used to represent statistical data. A pie chart uses sectors of a circle to represent data. Example:
Walk 8 Car 2 Bus 20

Bicycle 10

Interpreting Pie Chart

In a pie chart, the angle of a sector is proportional to the frequency of each data category. Therefore, interpretation of data is based on the angle of each sector.

Example: 1) The pie chart illustrates the annual expenditure of Syarikat Harmoni.
Annual Expenditure

Rentals Utilities Miscellaneous items 42

198 Wages

a)

b)

Which sector represents the smallest expenditure? Rentals What fraction of the expenditure is for utility bills?

Annual Expenditure

Rentals Utilities Miscellaneous items 42

1 90 = = 4 360 c) Which sector accounts for more

d)

198 Wages

than half of the total expenditure? Wages Calculate the percentage of expenditure for miscellaneous items.

42 = x 100% 360

2 = 11 % 3

2) A book salesman sells English workbooks, Mathematics workbooks, Science workbooks and Bahasa Melayu workbooks. The pie chart shows his sales in a certain year.

Sales Of Workbooks

Science workbooks 70 Mathematics workbooks 80

BM workbooks 120

English workbooks

a)

b)

c)

Which type of workbooks did he sell the most? Bahasa Melayu workbooks. Which type of workbooks did he sell the least? Science workbooks. What fraction of his sales was made up of Bahasa Melayu workbooks?

Sales Of Workbooks

Science workbooks 70 Mathematics workbooks 80

BM workbooks 120

English workbooks

120 1 = = 360 3

d)

What percentage of his sales was made up of English workbooks?

90 = x 100% = 25% 360

Constructing Pie Charts

Angle of sector 360
Angle of sector =

Frequency of data = Total frequency

Frequency of data Total frequency x 360

Example: 1) Construct pie charts to represent the following data. a) The table below shows the number of students in 3 schools.

School
A B C

Number of students
90 100 50

Solution:
Total number of students : 90 + 100 + 50 = 240
Number Of Students
90

School

Size Of Angles

90 = x 360 = 135 240 100 = x 360 = 150 240 50 = x 360 = 75 240

100

50

Number Of Students In 3 Schools

School A 135 150 School B 75 School C

b)

The table shows the types of vehicles passing through a tollbooth at a particular hour.

Type Of Vehicles Car

Lorry Bas Van

Number of Vehicles 55
15 8 12

Solution:
Total number of vehicles : 55 + 15 + 8 + 12 = 90 Types Of vehicles Car Lorry Bus Van Number Of Vehicles 55 15 8 12 Size Of Angles
55 = x 360 = 220 90 15 = x 360 = 60 90 8 = x 360 = 32 90 12 = x 360 = 48 90

Types Of Vehicles Passing Through A Toll-Booth At A Particular Hour

Car 220 48 32 Bus

60 Lorry

Van

Solving Problems
Example: 1) The pie chart shows the types of occupation among 270 residents in a particular residential area.
Doctors 80 Engineers Traders

Teachers 100

i)

Find the number of residents who are teachers.

100 = x 270 360 = 75

ii) Find the angle of the sector for traders if the number of residents who are traders is 90.

Doctors 80 Engineers

Teachers 100

Traders

90 = x 360 270
= 120

2) The pie chart shows the number of marbles of different colours in a box. The total number of marbles in the box is 72.

Red 120 45 Green Yellow Blue

i)

120 = x 72 360

Find the marbles.

number

of

red
Red 120 45 Green Yellow Blue

= 24
ii) Find the ratio of the number of yellow marbles to the number of green marbles if the box contains the same number of red and green marbles.

The angle for yellow marbles = 360 - 120 - 45 - 120 = 75

Yellow marble : Green marble = 75 : 120 =5:8

3) The pie chart shows the hobbies of a group of 120 students.

Swimming 132 2x Collecting stamps x

Reading

150 Fishing

i)

Find the value of x.

2x + x = 360 - 132 - 150 3x = 78 78 x= 3

Swimming 132 2x Collecting stamps x

Reading

150 Fishing

x = 26
ii) Find the number of students who like fishing.

150 = x 120 360

= 50

Choosing Suitable Representation Of Data

The choice of data representation depends on the type of data collected and the purpose of the representation. The advantages and disadvantages of some statistical representations are as follows:

a) Pictograms Advantage: Data is represented in an attractive manner. Easy to understand. Disadvantages: Not accurate. Difficult and time-consuming to draw the figures. Difficult to compare each category to the whole.
b) Bar chart Advantages: Easy to construct. Show the exact quantities of each data category. Two or more types of data can be displayed simultaneously. Easy to compare quantities of items.

Disadvantages: Does not show comparisons between the categories of data.

c) Line graph Advantages: Easy to draw and read. Fairly accurate representation of values. Shows a rising of a falling trend in a set of data over a period of time. Useful to predict trends. Disadvantages: Does not show complete comparisons among the data.

d) Pie chart Advantages: Shows clearly the difference in magnitude between the categories of data. Visually appealing especially when computer graphics are used. Disadvantages: Long calculations are needed. Not suitable if too many categories of data are involved. Difficult to draw when the angle of some sectors are almost the same or many categories are involved. Actual quantities are not displayed.