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Sex Determination in Mammals and Drosophila
Sex Determination in Mammals and Drosophila
PRESENTED BY
Rajkumar.M M.Sc. 1st Sem Dept. Of Bio-technology Bangalore University
INTRODUCTION
Sex determination.
A sex determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism.
Bisexual,Monoecious and hermaphroditic refer to individual containing both male and female reproductive organs.
XX Female, XY Male:(Human)
In this females are the homogametic sex as they have two X chromosomes. There fore, all the eggs produced by females have one X chromosome each. The males on the other hand have one X and one Y Chromosome.therfore half of the sperms produced by them have an X chromosomes, while the rest have a Y chromosome. Thus the males of these species are the heterogametic sex.
In humans, the short arm of X chromosome (Xs) is homologous the long arm of Y (Yl). There are normal pairing and crossing over between (Xs) and one Yl. So that the genes located on Xs shows normal disomic inheritance. Thus both human males and females have two copies of Xs (in males one Xs and one Yl) which is essential for their normal development.
NORMAL MALE
The chromosome formula for a normal male is 2n (diploid).Normal males are referred to as heterogametes i.e. male produce two types of gametes X-bearing and Y-bearing. Y-Chromosome is smaller than the X-Chromosome. And Y is maleness determining factor.
NORMAL FEMALE
Normal female are referred to as homogametic as they produce only one type of gametes i.e. X-bearing gametes. In case of normal female all the 23pairs of chromosome are referred as homomrphic.
Downs syndrome
CRY-DU-CHAT SYNDROME:
This is caused due to deletion. The deletion occurs on a segment of short arm of chromosome 5. Generally this occur during gametogenesis. This is also called 5p minus syndrome.
Monotone, weak, cat-like cry Small head(Microcephaly) Severe mental retardation; IQ ranges from 20-40 Malformation of heart, brain, kidney, skeleton Widely spaced eyes High palate Round face and low nasal bridge Folds of skin cover the upper eye lid(Epicanthic folds) Distinctive palmar creases Small reducing chin
TURNERS SYNDROME:
This occurs due to the deletion of one of the sex chromosome.ie X-Chromosome. The individual will be a female with a complete of 44A+X there fore they will have 45 chromosome.
The major characteristics are low testosterone after adolescence. They appear fat and are sterile. Secondary sexual characters does not develop fully. Pubic and facial hairs are scanty. They exhibit gynaecomastia The individuals show presence of barr bodies The mental retardation is seen to a certain extent. The level of androgen is low. The testis are small and not well developed.
Short stature or dwarfs Presence of webbed neck May be normal or slightly mental retardation Low set ears, broad chest Process poorly developed ovaries and underdeveloped breasts They have limited secondary sexual characters Congenital heart defects Amenorrhea i.e. absence of menstruation The interface nuclei is without Barr body
Bridge work can be divided into two phases 1) A study of offspring resulting from non dis junction of the x chromosomes. During meiosis in females.
2) Subsequent work with progeny of females containing three copies of each chromosomes called triploid (3n) females.
Bridges found that the XXY flies were normal females and the XO flies where sterile males. The presence of the Y chromosome in XXY flies did not cause maleness and its absence in X0 flies did not produce femaleness. From these data he concluded that the Y chromosome in drosophila lacks male determining factors.
The ratio of number of X-Chromosomes and number of autosomal sets present in an individual shows sex determination in Drosophila.
GYNANDROMORPH:
In Drosophila some individual, show male characters in a part of their body. While their remaining parts shows the female phenotype such individuals are known as Gynandromorph. Gynandromorph are always mosaic for the XChromosome the part with male phenotype are always XO, while these with the female phenotype are XX.
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