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Recovered File 1
Recovered File 1
Membranes
Separate the Cell from its environment w Separate the Cell into subcellular domains
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Components
Phospholipids
Amphipathic - polar head group + hydrophobic tail
Phospholipid Membranes
Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail w This tail Can NOT hydrogen bond with water
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Membrane Fluidity
Phospholipids keep their hydrophobic tails away from water -FLIP-FLOP is rare w Kinky Phospholipids with Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails are more mobile than Saturated ones w Cholesterol is GOOD for promoting membrane fluidity (at low temperatures) and stability (at high temperatures) w Without membrane fluidity, the enzymes wouldnt work, the cell would DIE
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Fluid-mosaic model
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Extracellular environment Carbohydrate Glycolipid Integral membrane protein Glycoprotein Phospholipid bilayer
Extracellular leaflet
HO
Polar
Cytosolic leaflet
Nonpolar
Cytosol
Polar
Membrane Proteins
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2 Main kinds
Integral - transmembrane, can NOT be removed by anything except detergent (removal of phospholipids) Peripheral - stuck to the outside or inside of the membrane by electrostatic (charged) interactions, can be removed by increased salt concentration
Most proteins are free to diffuse in the lipid bilayer w Unless they are attached to the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix (ECM)
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Membrane Proteins
Can have different Structures w Can be modified by the addition of Carbohydrate
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Glycoproteins
Involved in cell-cell adhesion Cell-Cell recognition (immune system) Cell-Substrate recognition (binding to ECM) Cell protection - glycocalyx
Lipid
Targeting of protein to membrane
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BUT
w 1070%
of membrane proteins cant/dont move (depends on cell type) w Association with cytoskelton w Association with extracellular matrix or other cells
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TEM of cell
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P face exposed
E face exposed
P face 0.4 m
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
P P
OH OH
O C C O
CoA CoA
O C C O P O
CH2 CH CH2
OH OH
2 fatty acids
2 activated molecules
Glycerolphosphate
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ER membrane proteins
Most transmembrane proteins synthesized on Rough ER membrane w From the Rough ER, membrane proteins can be transferred via vesicles to other regions of the cell
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cytosol
ER membrane ER lumen Channel NH3+ Cleaved ER signal sequence Transmembrane segment with 20 hydrophobic amino acids
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COO
NH3+
NH3+
Glycosylation
Carbohydrates attached to a lipid or protein w Protein glycosylation
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N-linked attachment of carbohydrate to nitrogen atom of asparagine side chain O-linked occurs only in Golgi, addition of sugars to oxygen atom of serine or threonine side chains
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
mRNA
Ribosome 3
Dolichol lipid
NH3+
NH3+
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Glucose
Plasma membrane (a) Chemical gradient for glucosea higher glucose concentration outside the cell
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Cl Na+ K+
+ +
Plasma membrane
+ + +
(b) Electrochemical gradient for Na+more positive charges outside the cell and a higher Na+ concentration outside the cell
Transport proteins
Integral membrane proteins Several different classes Some require energy (ATP) to work
(Active transporters)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
ATP ADP + Pi
Passive Transport
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Passive diffusion
Diffusion of a solute through a membrane without transport protein
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of a solute through a membrane with the aid of a transport protein
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Tonicity
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Isotonic
Equal water and solute concentrations on either side of the membrane
Hypertonic
Solute concentration is higher (and water concentration lower) on one side of the membrane
Hypotonic
Solute concentration is lower (and water concentration higher) on one side of the membrane
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Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
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Osmosis
Water diffuses through a membrane from an area with more water to an area with less water w If the solutes cannot move, water movement can make the cell shrink or swell as water leaves or enters the cell w Osmotic pressure- the tendency for water to move into any cell
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Animal cells must balance extracellular and intracellular solute concentrations to keep size and shape w Crenationshrinking in a hypertonic solution
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A cell wall prevents major changes in cell size w Turgor pressurepushes plasma membrane against cell wall Maintains shape and size w Plasmolysisplants wilt because water leaves plant cells
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Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with Transport Proteins That Allow the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
Water passively diffuses across plasma membranes w But sometimes water to moves across the plasma membrane at a much faster than predicted by passive diffusion w Protein that was abundant in red blood cells and kidney cells, but not found in many other cell types
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CHIP28 Striking difference was observed between frog oocytes that expressed CHIP28 versus the control
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Aquaporins Agre was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2003 for this work
Transport proteins
Transport proteins enable biological membranes to be selectively permeable w 2 classes
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Channels Transporters
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Channels
Form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane w Aquaporins w FAST
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Transporters
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Also known as carriers Conformational change transports solute Main way for cell to move organic molecules, such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides Key role in export Slower than Channels
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Transporter types
Uniporter
single molecule or ion
Symporter/ cotransporter
2 or more ions or molecules transported in same direction
Antiporter
2 or more ions or molecules transported in opposite directions
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Active transport
Movement of a solute across a membrane against its gradient from a region of low concentration to higher concentration w Energetically unfavorable and requires the input of energy w Primary active transport
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Active Transport
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Pump
conformational changes to an energy source, such as ATP-driven pumps
ATP hydrolysis can be uniporters, symporters, or antiporters Active transport
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Na+/K+-ATPase
Actively transport Na+ and K+ against their gradients by using the energy from ATP hydrolysis 3 Na+ exported for 2 K+ imported into cell
Antiporter Electrogenic pump- export 1 net positive charge
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Exocytosis/ Endocytosis
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Exocytosis
Transport of material in vesicles dumped outside
Endocytosis
transport of materials into cell in newly formed vesicles made from plasma membrane Receptor-mediated endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Honeycomb structures called clathrin cages Note other smooth vesicles probably involved in fluid phase pinocytosis