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Lecture 33: Quantum Computing 2
Lecture 33: Quantum Computing 2
Artificial Intelligence
Dr. Richard Spillman
PLU
Fall 2003
1
Class Topics
Future
Future
NLP Learning
Intro to AI Lisp
2
Last Class
• History
• Quantum Weirdness
• Quantum Properties
• Quantum Devices
3
Review – The Need
4
Review - Superposition
5
Outline
• Quantum Dots
6
Quantum Logic
Gates II
7
Controlled NOT
c c’
c t c’ t’
0 0 0 0 t t’
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 The target, t, is inverted when
1 1 1 0 the control, c, is “1”
8
Toffoli Gate
0 +1
c c’
00 + 11
t t’
Entangled states – that is
0 a superposition of states in
which c and t are either both
spin up or spin down
10
Quantum Dots
11
Quantum Dots
e
Quantum dot Quantum dot
w/electron wo/electron
12
Quantum Dot Wireless Logic
e e
e e
State “1” State “0”
13
Quantum Dot Wire
in in
in out in out
in in
15
Quantum Dot Inverter
out
in
out
in
out
in
16
Quantum Dot Logic Gates
0 0
0
1 0 1
A nand B
A A and B A
1
1
0
B 1 1 B
A A or B
0
B
17
Quantum Error
Correction
18
Quantum Errors
• PROBLEM:
PROBLEM When computing with a quantum
computer, you can’t look at what it is doing
– You are only allowed to look at the end
• RESULT:
RESULT What happens if an error is
introduced during calculation?
• SOLUTION:
SOLUTION We need some sort of quantum
error detection/correction procedure
19
Classical Error Codes
20
Parity Checking
• PROCESS: Add an extra bit to a word before
transmitting to make the total number of bits even or
odd (even or odd parity)
– at the receiving end, check the number of bits for even or
odd parity
– It will detect a single bit error
– Cost: extra bit
21
Quantum Schemes
22
Improvements
23
Example
Operations
Encoder Decoder
0 & Errors
24
Encoder
Corrected output
No Errors:
a|000> + b|111> decoded to a|000> + b|100> = (a|0> + b|1>)|00>
Top qubit flipped:
a|100> + b|011> decoded to a|111> + b|011> = (a|1> + b|0>)|11>
So, flip the top qubit = (a|0> + b|1>)|11>
Middle qubit flipped:
a|010> + b|101> decoded to a|010> + b|110> = (a|0> + b|1>)|10>
28
Possible Capstone
29
Possible Quiz
30
Summary
• Quantum Dots
31