H. Heck 2008 Section 2.

4 1
Module 2: Transmission Lines
Topic 4: Parasitic Discontinuities
OGI EE564
Howard Heck
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 2
Where Are We?
1. Introduction
2. Transmission Line Basics
1. Transmission Line Theory
2. Basic I/O Circuits
3. Reflections
4. Parasitic Discontinuities
5. Modeling, Simulation, & Spice
6. Measurement: Basic Equipment
7. Measurement: Time Domain Reflectometry
3. Analysis Tools
4. Metrics & Methodology
5. Advanced Transmission Lines
6. Multi-Gb/s Signaling
7. Special Topics
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 3
Contents
Capacitive Load: Qualitative Look
Capacitive Load: Step Response Analytical Solution
Discrete Capacitive and Inductances: Delays and
Reflections
Distributed Loads: Loaded Velocity and Impedance
Summary
References
Appendix: Reflections Due to Capacitive Load
Appendix: Inductive Load Step Response

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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 4
Capacitive Loading: Qualitative Look
What does the signal at z=l, t=t
d
l+ look like?
The driver circuit sends a voltage step at t=0.
The step travels along the line (as a wave) to z=l.
The capacitor at z=l sees a voltage step input.
How does the capacitor respond to this input?
When the incoming wave arrives, the capacitor initially acts like
a short.
At steady state, the capacitor is an open circuit.
The transmission line looks resistive to the capacitor.
So, perhaps we should expect to get an RC circuit-like
(exponential) response.
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t) C
L
R
S
z = 0
z =l
V
S
(t) =V
S
u(t)
0
V
S
t = 0
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 5
Quantitative Analysis
Start at z=0, t=0+:
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t)
C
L
R
S
z = 0
z =l
V
S
(t) =V
S
u(t)
0
V
S
t = 0
( )

V
Z
Z R
V
S
S
0 0
0
0
, + =
+ [2.5.1]
( )
( )

I
V
Z Z R
V
S
S
0 0
0 0 1
0 0
,
,
+ =
+
=
+ [2.5.2]
The wave propagates to z=l, t=t
d
:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) l t l V V
R Z
Z
l t l V l t l V l t l V
d S
S
d d d
t t t t > +
+
= > + > = > , , , ,
0
0

[2.5.3]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
, 1
,
1
, , ,
Z
l t l V
V
R Z
l t l I V
R Z
l t l I l t l I l t l I
d
S
S
d S
S
d d d
t
t t t t
>

+
= >
+
= > > = >


[2.5.4]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 6
Quantitative Analysis #2
( )
( )
( )
(

> +
+
=
>

+
= > l t l V V
R Z
Z
dt
d
C
Z
l t l V
V
R Z
l t l I
d S
S
L
d
S
S
d
t
t
t ,
, 1
,
0
0
0 0

[2.5.5]
( ) ( )
( )
S
L S L
d d
V
C R Z C Z
l t l V
dt
l t l V d
+
=
>
+
>
0 0
1 , , t t

[2.5.6]
We have a linear ordinary differential equation. Find the
form of the solution by solving the homogeneous portion:
( ) ( ) dV l t
dt
V l t
Z C
L

, ,
+ =
0
0
Homogenous equation: [2.5.7]
( )

V l t Ae
t
Z C
L
, =

0
Solution form: [2.5.8]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
, 1
,
1
, , ,
Z
l t l V
V
R Z
l t l I V
R Z
l t l I l t l I l t l I
d
S
S
d S
S
d d d
t
t t t t
>

+
= >
+
= > > = >


[2.5.4]
For a capacitor, . Apply it to [2.5.4]:
I C
dV
dt
=
Note the Z
0
C time constant.
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 7
Quantitative Analysis #3
( ) ( )
( )
S
L S L
d d
V
C R Z C Z
l t l V
dt
l t l V d
+
=
>
+
>
0 0
1 , , t t

[2.5.6]
General solution to O.D.E.:
General solution:
Boundary condition: . Apply it to [2.5.6]: 0 =
t
dt
dV
( )
( )

V l
Z C Z R C
V
L S L
S
,
=
+
0 0
1
[2.5.9]
( )
( )
S
S
V
R Z
Z
l V
+
=
0
0
,

[2.5.10]
( )
( )

V l t Ae
Z
Z R
V
t
Z C
S
S
L
, = +
+

0 0
0
[2.5.11]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 8
Quantitative Analysis #4
Substitute [2.5.13] into general solution [2.5.11]:
Initial condition: V(z=l,t=t
d
l)=0.
[2.5.13]
( ) ( )
( )
S
S
d d
V
R Z
Z
l l V l l V
+
= =
0
0
, , t t

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , , , = + = l l V l l V l l V
d d d
t t t

[2.5.12]
[2.5.14]
( )
( ) ( )
S
S
C Z
l
S
S
d
V
R Z
Z
Ae V
R Z
Z
l l V
L
d
+
+ =
+
=

0
0
0
0 0
,
t
t

( )
L
d
C Z
l
S
S
e V
R Z
Z
A
0
0
0
2
t
+

=
[2.5.15]
The expression for becomes:
( )
d
t l V t > ,

( )
( ) ( )
S
S
C Z
l
C Z
l
S
S
d
V
R Z
Z
e e V
R Z
Z
t l V
L
d
L
d
+
+
+

= >

0
0
0
0 0 0
2
,
t t
t

[2.5.16]
( )
( )
( )
(

+
= >

L
d
C Z
l t
S
S
d
e V
R Z
Z
l t l V
0
2 1 ,
0
0
t
t

[2.5.17]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 9
Quantitative Analysis #5
Equation [2.5.18] is valid for t
d
ls t <3t
d
l.
If R
S
=Z
0
, [2.5.18] is valid for t
d
ls t.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
(

+
+
+
= + = >

L
d
C Z
l t
S
S
S
S
d d d
e V
R Z
Z
V
R Z
Z
l l V l l V l t l V
0
2 1 , , ,
0
0
0
0
t
t t t

[2.5.17]
( )
( )
( )
(

+
= >

L
d
C Z
l t
S
S
d
e V
R Z
Z
l t l V
0
1
2
,
0
0
t
t
[2.5.18]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 10
Quantitative Analysis Check
Let R
S
=Z
0
. The following boundary conditions must be
satisfied:

( ) ( ) ( ) l l V l l V l l V
d d d
t t t , , 0 ,

+ = =
The wave components are:

( )
( )
S
S
S
S
d
V
R Z
Z
l V
V
R Z
Z
l l V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
0
0
0
0
,
,

t ( )
( )
S
S
S
S
d
V
R Z
Z
l V
V
R Z
Z
l l V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
0
0
0
0
,
,

t ( )
( )
S S
S
d
V V
R Z
Z
l V
l l V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
0
0
2
,
0 ,

t
( ) ( ) ( ) + = = , , , l V l V V l V
S

This checks out.

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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 11
time [ns]
0 1 2 3 4
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]

Waveforms
Calculated
Simulated
V(z=0)
V(z=l)
0 1 2 3 4
time [ns]
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]

V(z=0)
V(z=l)
50O, 1.0 ns
2.0V
5.0 pF

50O
z = 0
z =l
V
S
(t) =V
S
u(t)
0
V
S
t =
0
t
r
= 1 ps
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 12
Capacitive Reflections & Delay
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t)
C
L
R
S
z = 0
z =l
V
S
(t) =V
S
u(t)
0
V
S
t = 0
Refer back to equation [2.5.18] :

( )
( )
( )
(

+
= >

L
d
C Z
l t
S
S
d
e V
R Z
Z
l t l V
0
1
2
,
0
0
t
t
[2.5.18]
Assume that 50% of the full signal swing is required
for switching:

Solve for t (assume t
d
l = 0 for simplicity):

( )
L
d
C Z
l t
S
e
V
V
0
1 5 . 0
t
= =
[2.5.19]
( )
L L C
C Z C Z t
L
0 0
7 . 0 2 ln ~ = t
[2.5.20]
Many sources give the following:

L C
C Z
L
0
= t
[2.5.21]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 13
Capacitive Reflections & Delay #2
With the load at an intermediate point, the capacitor is
charged to half as much voltage as for a capacitor at the
end of the line.

2
0 L
C
C Z
L
= t
[2.5.22]
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t)
C
L
R
S
z = 0
z =l
Z
0
, t
d
Reflections due to the capacitor (see the appendix):
Mid-line

End

V
r i
r
t
CZ
V
V
= =
2
0
[2.5.23]
V
r i
r
t
CZ
V
V
= =
0
[2.5.24]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 14
Inductive Loads
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t)
R
S
L
L
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t)
R
S
L
L
0
2Z
L
L
= t
[2.5.25]
V
r
L
i
r
t Z
L
V
V
= =
0
2
[2.5.26]
0
Z
L
L
= t
[2.5.27]
r
i L
r
t Z
V L
V
0
=
[2.5.28]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 15
Distributed Capacitance
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
C
L
R
S
Z
0
, t
d
C
L
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
Z
0
, t
d
C
L
C
L
C
L
V
S
(t)
Bi-directional network:

Each receiver presents a capacitive load:

The loads are uniformly distributed, separated by
length l. The effective capacitance of each
transmission line segment is:

l
C
C C
L
eff
+ =
0
[2.5.24]
C
0
is the transmission line capacitance per unit length.

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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 16
Distributed Capacitance #2
Since the distributed capacitance has increased, the
propagation velocity and impedance are changed:

We can also express the loaded impedance and
velocity in terms of the characteristic impedance and
non-loaded velocity:
Z
L
is the loaded impedance of the transmission line.

v
L
is the loaded propagation velocity of the transmission line.

[2.5.28]
v
v
C
lC
L
L
=
+
0
0
1
Z
L
C
L
C
C
l
L
eff
L
= =
+
0
[2.5.25]
v LC L C
C
l
L eff
L
= = +
|
\

|
.
|
0 [2.5.26]
Z
Z
C
lC
L
L
=
+
0
0
1
[2.5.27]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 17
Summary
Capacitive loads slow the rise/fall times and add
delay.
Capacitive loads generate reflected waves of
opposite polarity to the incoming wave.
Inductive loads also affect the delay and generate
reflections.
Distributed capacitive loads increase the propagation
delay of the transmission line and reduce the
effective impedance.
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 18
References
S. Hall, G. Hall, and J. McCall, High Speed Digital System
Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Wiley Interscience), 2000, 1
st

edition.
W. Dally and J. Poulton, Digital Systems Engineering,
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Ramo, Whinnery, and Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in
Communication Electronics, 1985.
R. Poon, Computer Circuits Electrical Design, Prentice Hall,
1
st
edition, 1995.
Ramo, Whinnery, and Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in
Communication Electronics, 1985.
R.E. Matick, Transmission Lines for Digital and
Communication Networks, IEEE Press, 1995
H.B.Bakoglu, Circuits, Interconnections, and Packaging for
VLSI, Addison Wesley, 1990.
Transmission Line Effects in PCB Applications, Motorola
Application Note AN1051, 1990.
W.R. Blood, MECL System Design Handbook, Motorola, Inc.,
1988.
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 19
Appendix: Reflections from Capacitive Load
Z
0
, t
d
C
L
Z
0
, t
d
V
i
V
r
Recall:

0
0
Z Z
Z Z
eff
eff
+

=
Combine [2.5.a1] and [2.5.a2]:

Where:

0
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z
C
C
C eff
+
= =
[2.5.A1]
L
C
C j
Z
e
1
=
[2.5.A2]
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1 1
1
Z C j
Z
C j
Z C j
C j
Z
Z
C j
Z
C j
Z
L
L
L
L
L
L
eff
e
e
e
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
[2.5.A3]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 20
Appendix: Reflections from Capacitive Load #2
Substitute [2.5.a3] into the expression for :

We can rewrite [2.5.a5] in terms of V
r
and V
i
:
( ) | |
( ) | |
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
Z C j
Z C j
Z C j
Z C j Z
Z C j
Z C j Z
Z
CZ j
Z
Z
Z C j
Z
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e

=
+
+ +
+
+
=
+
+

+
=
[2.5.A4] 0
0
2 Z C j
Z C j
L
L
e
e

=
Assume . Then [2.5.a4] simplifies to:
2
0
<< Z C j
L
e
[2.5.A5]
i
r L
V
V Z C j
=

=
2
0
e

[2.5.A6]
( )
i
L
r
V j
Z C
V e
2
0

=
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 21
Appendix: Reflections from Capacitive Load #3
We need to make use of the following time domain
relationship:
For , the time derivative is , which
must be satisfied for all e.
( )
jwt
e V t
0 0
= u
( )
( ) t j
dt
t d
0
0
eu
u
=
For our case, u
0
(t) is V
i
. Substitute into [2.5.a6] :
[2.5.A7]
dt
dV Z C
V
i L
r
2
0

=
Letting , we get [2.5.a8]:
r
i i
t
V
dt
dV
~
Limitation: We must satisfy Z
0
C
L
<< t
r
. Why?
Recall e = 2tf and f ~ 0.35/t
r
. Apply to our
assumption that . 2
0
<< Z C j
L
e
=

=
r
L
i
r
t
Z C
V
V
2
0
[2.5.A8]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 22
Appendix: Mathematical Expression for
Inductive Load
Start at z=0, t=0+:
( )

V
Z
Z R
V
S
S
0 0
0
0
, + =
+
[2.5.B1]
( )
( )

I
V
Z Z R
V
S
S
0 0
0 0 1
0 0
,
,
+ =
+
=
+
[2.5.B2]
The wave propagates to z=l, t=t
d
l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) l t l V V
R Z
Z
l t l V l t l V l t l V
d S
S
d d d
t t t t > +
+
= > + > = > , , , ,
0
0

[2.5.B3]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
, 1
,
1
, , ,
Z
l t l V
V
R Z
l t l I V
R Z
l t l I l t l I l t l I
d
S
S
d S
S
d d d
t
t t t t
>

+
= >
+
= > > = >


[2.5.B4]
Z
0
, t
d
V
S
(t)
L
R
S
z = 0
z =l
V
S
(t) =V
S
u(t)
0
V
S
t=0
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 23
Inductive Loading #2
Rearrange [2.5.b6]:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
, 1
,
1
, , ,
Z
l t l V
V
R Z
l t l I V
R Z
l t l I l t l I l t l I
d
S
S
d S
S
d d d
t
t t t t
>

+
= >
+
= > > = >


[2.5.B4]
For an inductor, . Apply it to [2.5.b4]:
dt
dI
L V =
[2.5.B5]
( )
( ) ( ) l t l V l t l V
dt
l t l dI
L
d d
d
t t
t
> + > =
>
, ,
,

[2.5.B6]
( )
( ) l t l V V
R Z
Z
Z
l t l V
R Z
V
dt
d
L
d S
S
d
S
S
t
t
> +
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
>

+
,
,
0
0
0 0

[2.5.B7]
( )
( )
0
,
,
0
0
0
=
+
+
>
+ >
S
S
d
d
V
R Z
Z
dt
l t l V d
Z
L
l t l V
t
t

Linear O.D.E.
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 24
Inductive Loading #3
Homogeneous solution:
[2.5.B7]
( )
( )
0
,
,
0
0
0
=
+
+
>
+ >
S
S
d
d
V
R Z
Z
dt
l t l V d
Z
L
l t l V
t
t

( )
L
tZ
Ae t l V
0
,

=

[2.5.B9]
( )
( )
0
,
,
0
=
>
+ >
dt
l t l V d
Z
L
l t l V
d
d
t
t

[2.5.B8]
General solution:
Use the boundary condition: .
Therefore,
( )
( )
0 0
,
0 ,
Z
l l V
R Z
V
l l I
d
S
S
d
t
t

+
= =
( )
0 0
,
Z
l l V
R Z
V
d
S
S
t

=
+
[2.5.B10]
( )
S
S
d
V
R Z
Z
l l V
+
=
0
0
,t

[2.5.B11]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 25
Inductive Loading #4
General solution is the sum of the homogeneous
solution and special solution:
[2.5.B12]
( )
L
C Z
t
S
S
Ae V
R Z
Z
t l V
0
0
0
,

+
+
=

Initial condition:
Apply the initial condition at t=t
d
l (the inductor acts
like an open circuit):
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) l l V l l V l l V l l V
d d d d
t t t t , 2 , , ,

= + =
[2.5.B13]
( ) ( )
S
S
d d
V
R Z
Z
l l V l l V
+
= =
0
0
, , t t

[2.5.B14]
Substitute into general solution:
( )
L
lZ
S
S
S
S
d
d
Ae V
R Z
Z
V
R Z
Z
l l V
0
0
0
0
0
,
t
t

+
+
=
+
=

[2.5.B15]
L
lZ
S
S
d
e V
R Z
Z
A
0
0
0
2
t
+
=
[2.5.B16]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 26
Inductive Loading #5
Equation [2.5.18] is valid for t
d
ls t <3t
d
l.
If R
S
=Z
0
, [2.5.18] is valid for t
d
ls t.
Substitute for A in [2.5.B16]:

( )
L
tZ
L
lZ
S
S
S
S
d
e e V
R Z
Z
V
R Z
Z
l t l V
d 0 0
0
0
0
0
2
,

+
+
+
= >
t
t

[2.5.B17]
( )
( )
(

+
= >

1 2 ,
0
0
0 L
Z t l
S
S
d
d
e V
R Z
Z
l t l V
t
t

Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
(

+
+
+
= + = >

1 2 , , ,
0
0
0
0
0 L
Z t l
S
S
S
S
d d d
d
e V
R Z
Z
V
R Z
Z
l l V l l V l t l V
t
t t t

( )
( )
L
Z t l
S
S
d
d
e V
R Z
Z
l t l V
0
0
0
2
,

+
= >
t
t
[2.5.B18]
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H. Heck 2008
Section 2.4 27
Check
Let R
S
=Z
0
. The following boundary conditions must be
satisfied:

The wave components are:

This checks out.

( ) ( ) ( ) l l V l l V V l l V
d d S d
t t t , , ,

+ = = ( ) ( ) ( ) + = = , , 0 , l V l V l V

( )
( )
2
,
2
,
0
0
0
0
S
S
S
S
S
S
d
V
V
R Z
Z
l V
V
V
R Z
Z
l l V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

t ( )
( )
2
,
2
,
0
0
0
0
S
S
S
S
S
S
d
V
V
R Z
Z
l V
V
V
R Z
Z
l l V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

t
( )
( ) 0 ,
,
=
=
l V
V l l V
S d