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AP Human Body Orientation
AP Human Body Orientation
AP Human Body Orientation
To describe body parts and position accurately, we need an initial reference point and must indicate direction The anatomical reference point is a standard body position called the Anatomical Position Anatomical Position: position in which the body is:
Erect with feet only slightly apart Palms face forward Thumbs point away from the body
REGION TERMS
REGION TERMS
Regional Terms
There are two fundamental divisions of the body:
Axial region:
Makes up the main axis of our body Includes the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular region:
Consists of the appendages, or limbs Attached to the bodys axis Consists of the upper and lower limbs
Regional terms are used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions
The common term for each of these body regions is provided (in parentheses)
REGION TERMS
REGION TERMS
Frontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse, or horizontal, plane: a plane that runs horizontally from right to left, and divides the body into superior and inferior parts
BODY PLANES
The ability to interpret sections made through the body, especially transverse sections, is important in the clinical sciences
New medical imaging devices produce sectional images rather than three-dimensional images
BODY PLANES
Abdominopelvic Regions
Because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains several organs, it helps to divide it into smaller areas for study
Cavity divided into 9 regions
Umbilical region: centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) Epigastric region: located superior to the umbilical region (epi=upon, above; gastri=belly) Hypogastric (pubic) region: located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo=below)
ABDOMINAL REGION
ABDOMINAL REGIONS
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right and left iliac, or inguinal regions: located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac=superior part of the hip bone)(inguinal=groin: between thigh and trunk) Right and left lumbar regions: lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus=loin: between ribs and pelvis) Right and left hypochondriac regions: flank the epigastric region laterally (chondro=cartilage)
ABDOMINAL REGION
ABDOMINAL REGIONS
Quadrants
Medical personnel usually use a simpler scheme to localize the abdominopelvic cavity organs In this scheme, one transverse and one median sagittal plane pass through the umbilicus at right angles
The resulting quadrants are named according to their positions from the subjects point of view :
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
ABDOMINAL REGION
Abdominal Regions and Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine Quadrants
regions
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants
Abdominal Quadrants
Medical Imaging
X-ray (radiograph) CAT: Ccomputerized axial tomography Xenon CT DSR: Dynamic spatial reconstruction DSA: Digital subtraction angiography PET: Positron emission tomography Sonography (ultrasound imaging) MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
IMAGING