C & CD Nozzles for Jet Propulsion

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Design Vs Off-Design Characteristics..
Operational Characteristics of Isentropic C Nozzles
A converging passage designed to accelerate the a gas
flow is considered for study.
The concern here is with the effect of changes in the
upstream and downstream pressures
on the nature of the flow and
on the mass flow rate through a nozzle.
Four different cases considered for analysis are:
Converging nozzle with constant upstream conditions.
Converging-diverging nozzle with constant upstream
conditions.
Converging nozzle with constant downstream conditions.
Converging-diverging nozzle with constant downstream
conditions.
Pressure Distribution in Under
Expanded Nozzle
p
0

P
b,critical

p
b
=p
0

p
b,critical<
p
b1<
p
0

p
b,critical<
p
b2<
p
0

p
b,critical<
p
b3<
p
0

At all the above conditions, the pressure at the exit
plane of nozzle, p
exit
= p
b
.
Variation of Mass Flow Rate in Exit
Pressure
in
b
p
p
in
e
p
p
1
1
in
critical b,
p
p
in
critical e,
p
p
Variation of in Exit Pressure
1
1
in
b
p
p
in
e
p
p
in
critical b,
p
p
in
critical e,
p
p
Variation of in Mass Flow Rate
0
b
p
p
m

1
0
critical b,
p
p
choked
m

Low Back Pressure Operation

Frictional Adiabatic Flow in A Variable Area Duct
( )

+ +

+
=
2
0 p
' ' '
h
2
2
2
2
2
M 1
T C
q
A
dA
2
D
fdx
M
M 1
M
2
1
1
M
dM

0
)
`

+
=
A
dA
2
D
fdx
M
M 1
M
2
1
1
M
dM
h
2
2
2
2
2

Sonic Point : M=1

0 dx
D
4f
2 2
1
1
A
dA
2
1
1
h
=
)
`

+ +
)
`

+

0
4
2 2
1
2
1
=
)
`

+
+
)
`

+
dx
D
f
A
dA
h

dx
D
4f
2 A
dA
h

=
Throat Conditions
0
2
1
=

(
(
(

+

=
2
2
2
2
h
2
M
2
1
1
M 1
M
dM
D
fdx
M
A
dA

( )
2
2
h
3
M 1
M 1 2
4D
fdx
M dM

+
=

The capacity of Frictional throat is always lower than ideal throat!!!

The Real Nozzle for Sonic Flow
It is impossible to get a sonic flow with real
converging nozzle.
The flow is always subsonic (transonic) at the
throat.
A compact real converging nozzle can produce
transonic jet.
A real nozzle for sonic exit is a CD Nozzle.
0
p
p(x)
0
*
p
p
0
b
0
exit
p
p
p
p
=
Ideal Convergent-Divergent Nozzle Under Design
Conditions
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle with High Back
Pressure
p
b1<
p
0 but >
p
*

P
throat
p
*

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle with High
Back Pressure
When p
b
is very nearly the same as p
0
the flow
remains subsonic throughout.
The flow in the nozzle is then similar to that in a
venturi.
The local pressure drops from p
0
to a minimum value
at the throat, p
throat
, which is greater than p
*
.
The local pressure increases from throat to exit plane
of the nozzle.
The pressure at the exit plate of the nozzle is equal to
the back pressure.
This trend will continue for a particular value of
back pressure.
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle with
High Back Pressure
At all these back
pressures the exit plane
pressure is equal to the
back pressure.
p
throat>
p
*

( )
| |
1/2
in 0,
exit
in 0,
in 0,
exit
in 0,
exit
in 0,
p
p
1
1
2
A

m
(
(
(

)
`

=
1

exit exit exit

u A m=

exit exit
in 0,
exit
0.in
u A

m =

( )
| |
1/2
0
exit
0
0
exit
1
0
exit
0
p
p
1
1
2
A
p
p
m
(
(
(

)
`

)
`

=
1

in
in
RT
p
, 0
, 0
=
in 0,

Mass Flow Rate at Higher Back Pressures

{ }
1
1

)
`

+ =
)
`

2
exit
exit
in 0,
exit
in 0,
M
2
1
1
T
T
p
p
Mass flow rate at high back pressure p
b

( )
| |
1/2
0
b
0
0
exit
1
0
b
0
p
p
1
1
2
A
p
p
m
(
(
(

)
`

)
`

=
1

At throat with high back pressure p

b

( )
| |
1/2
0
t
0
0
*
0
t
0
p
p
1
1
2
A
p
p
m
(
(
(

)
`

)
`

=
1
1

| | | |
1/2
0
t
*
0
t
1/2
0
b
exit
1
0
b
p
p
1 A
p
p
p
p
1 A
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

1
1
1

For a given value of high back pressure

corresponding throat pressure can be calculated.
As exit area is higher than throat area throat
pressure is always less than exit plane pressure.
A decreasing exit pressure produces lowering throat
pressure
Variation of Mass Flow Rate in Exit
Pressure
0
b
p
p
0
e
p
p
1
1
0
critical b,
p
p
0
critical e,
p
p
Variation of in Mass Flow Rate
0
b
p
p
m

1
0
critical b,
p
p
choked
m

Further Decrease the Back Pressure till the

throat is just choked.
Define this back pressure as critical back pressure,
p
b.critical
.
| | | |
1/2
0
*
*
1
0
*
1/2
0
critical b,
exit
1
0
critical b,
p
p
1 A
p
p
p
p
1 A
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

1 1

| | | |
1/2
0
*
1
0
*
exit
*
1/2
0
critical b,
1
0
critical b,
p
p
1
p
p
A
A
p
p
1
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

1 1

This generates choked condition at the throat.

This is the back pressure which produces maximum flow
rate Through the nozzle.
Is this back pressure same as design back pressure?
If not??????
P
throat
=

p
*

P
exit
=

p
b,critical
Variation of in Exit Pressure
0
b
p
p
0
e
p
p
1
1
0
critical b,
p
p
0
critical e,
p
p
Variation of in Throat Pressure
0
b
p
p
0
throat
p
p
1
1
0
critical b,
p
p
0
*
p
p
Variation of in Mass Flow Rate
0
b
p
p
m

1
0
critical b,
p
p
choked
m

What Next?
What happens if back pressure is further reduced?
Still the pressure at the exit plane is equal to the
throat pressure?
Further lower pressure at throat !?!?!
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle with
High Back Pressure
P
throat<
p
*
????
p
b<
p
b,critical <
p
0

| | | |
1/2
0
throat
0
throat
exit
*
1/2
0
critical b,
1
0
critical b,
p
p
1
p
p
A
A
p
p
1
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

< <
1
1
1

It is impossible to have a pressure lower than p

*
at
the throat. However at any downstream location the
pressure can reach p
*
.
P
throat
=

p
*

| | | |
1/2
0
*
1
0
*
exit
1/2
0
critical b,
1
0
critical b,
p
p
1
p
p
A
A(?)
p
p
1
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

< <
1 1

Find out the downstream location, x where p

*
can be
achieved with lower back pressures.
p
b <
p
b,critical <
p
0

?
M<1
M<1
A=?
Feasible solution
Infeasible solution
0
p
p(x)
0
*
p
p
0
design b,
0
exit
p
p
p
p
=
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle Under
Off-Design Conditions
0
critical b,
0
exit
p
p
p
p
=
0
critical b,
0
exit
p
p
p
p
<
M>1
M<1
M<1
Normal Shock : A large discontinuity
Moving Shock Towards Exit
| | | |
1/2
0
*
1
0
*
exit
1/2
1

0
critical b,
1
0
critical b,
p
p
1
p
p
A
A(?)
p
p
1
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

< <
1

| | | |
1/2
0
*
1
0
*
exit
exit
1/2
0
exitshock b,
1
0
exitshock b,
p
p
1
p
p
A
A
p
p
1
p
p

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

1 1

0
exitshock b,
0
b
p
p
p
p
<
Flow Visualization Studies
0.66
p
p
design b,
b
=
0.85
p
p
design b,
b
=
Design Back Pressure
1.0
p
p
design b,
b
=
Steady Cruising Design Conditions
Back Pressure Lower than the
design conditions
0
design b,
0
b
p
p
p
p
<
Back Pressure Lower than the
design conditions
Back Pressure Lower than the design
conditions