IMPLICIT MEMORY

Chinlee De Leon Nieto San Agustin

Implicit Memory

Implicit memory is referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory.

Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them.
The performance of implicit memory is enabled by previous experiences, no matter how long ago those experiences occurred. Implicit memories are sometimes referred to as "non-declarative" because an individual is unable to verbally "declare" these memories. Implicit memories are nonconscious, and often involve memories for specific stepby-step procedures, or specific feelings/emotions.

Long Term Memory

IMPLICIT

EXPLICIT

-Unconscious -Verbal or nonverbal - Procedural / Emotional

- Conscious -Verbal - Contextual

Implicit Memory
Procedural Memory Priming

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us to perform everyday physical activities

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It involves using pictures, words or other stimuli.

Examples:
Procedural
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Priming
Associative Priming - Picture naming task

Tasks performed daily - Wearing clothes

- Brushing your hair

- Words ( doctor= urse x chair)

- Eating - Taking a bath

Background and Purpose of Test

The Implicit Association Test (introduced in 1998 by Anthony Greenwald, Debbie McGhee and Jordan Schwartz) is a type of indirect memory test designed to tap automatic associations between concepts (e.g., math and arts) and attributes (e.g., good or bad, male or female, self or other). The IAT was initially developed in 1995 as a laboratory tool to understand unconscious attitudes and biases. It was first adapted for use on the web in 1998.

Test Administration

Skill requirements for the test administrator: knowledge on proper handling/execution with IAT and good communication skill Skill requirements for the test taker: ability to read/visualize words and pictures Materials needed to administer the test: stimulus words (given a certain category), IBM-compatible desktop computers

Test Administration

Test Administration

How long the test administration is: o In the presented online IAT, there will be two types of test choices: Race Test and Gender Test. o Each presumably takes about 5-10 minutes. What is the format of the test?

Test Administration
Tips on obtaining meaningful results: 1. Don't worry if you make a few errors -- inconclusive results are actually more likely if you make no errors than if you make a few errors. 2. Try to remember which category goes with each key so that you don't need to check the on-screen reminders too often. 3. Try to make sure that you won't be interrupted during the test session.

Scoring and Interpretation of Scores

Data is recorded based on the response latencies and error rates (extremely fast and extremely slow responses)

Gender IAT Interpretation: The gender IAT often reveals an automatic, or unconscious, association of female with family and male with career. These associations are consistent with traditional gender stereotypes that a woman's place is in the home rather than the workplace (and vice-versa for men). If your test results showed a stereotypic association, you are not alone: The results of more than one million tests suggest that most people have unconscious associations.

Race IAT Interpretation: If your test results showed a preference for a certain group, you may have a hidden, or unconscious, bias in favor of that group. The results of more than one million tests suggest that most people have unconscious biases. For example, nearly two out of three white Americans show a moderate or strong bias toward, or preference for, whites, as do nearly half of all black Americans.

Scoring and Interpretation of Scores

If you received inconclusive test results, the most likely reason is that one or more of the following events took place: You were interrupted one or more times during the test You misclassified a large number of words or images The instructions were not clear to you before starting the test You did not respond fast enough to provide interpretable results

Reliability and Validity of the Test

RELIABILITY Test- Retest Reliability Internal Consistency VALIDITY Convergent Validity Discriminant Validity Predictive Validity
Overall, the IAT has been found to be an effective predictor of behavior, and is generally superior to self -report measures when dealing with topics of discrimination and stereotyping, especially when examining patterns of ingroup liking.

Benefits and Criticisms about the Test

Criticisms: IAT effects were a product of familiarity with stimulus items, rather than actual implicit attitudes. Participants may be biased. Some participants may be aware of the implicit biases but reject them as incongruent with their beliefs.

Critics of the IAT argue that the test is a more accurate indicator of our familiarity with different social groups, rather than a measure of bias (we might take longer to associate "friendly" with "Asian" if we don't know anyone Asian).

Recommendations of Test Administration

A more randomized set of words that cannot be easily deciphered by participants. Efficient use of time delay Encourage participants to give unbiased honest responses. Answers should not be concealed by hidden beliefs.

Sources:
Greenwald, G.A., McGhee, E.D., & Schwartz,L.K.J (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197-216. Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 166-180. Online Test: http://www.understandingprejudice.org/iat/ by Plous, S. (2002). Social Psychology Network Other websites: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/up/inconclu.htm http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/mar/07/implicit-association-test