LTE technology and scheduling

19.03.2012.

Outline
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Limitations of mobile communications LTE Scheduling in the LTE LTE-Sim simulator

Zagreb, March 2012.

Mobile Communications: Limitations

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Spectrum SNR and SINR ratios Distance from cell center has significant impact on data rate

Grayson, Shatzkamer, Wainner; IP Design for Mobile Networks, Cisco Press, 2009.

Zagreb, March 2012.

Mobile Communications: Limitations (2)

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Power
Limited

Supported technologies and parameters of UEs

Modulation

and Conding Scheme (MCS)

LTE designed for one-cell frequency reuse

Inter-cell

interference coordination (ICIC) needed

Overlapping cell layers Femtocells

Zagreb, March 2012.
4

System Architecture
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Radio Protocol Architecture

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Time-domain structure
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011

Spectrum
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Frequency
Example:

spectrum divided in many subcarriers

600 subcarriers in a 10 MHz spectrum Subcarriers frequency spectra overlap, but without interference

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

10

Flexible Channel Bandwidth

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

11

Multi-Antenna Transmission
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Multiple receive antennas

For

receive diversity Already used in many cellular systems for uplink

Multiple transmit antennas at the base station

Transmit

diversity

Spatial multiplexing = Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Several

parallel channels Good at high SINR

Zagreb, March 2012.

12

Carrier Aggregation
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Intra-band Inter-band

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

13

Relaying
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Reducing the distance between the terminal and the network node
Amplify-and-forward
Decode-and-forward

(repeaters)

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

14

UE Diversity
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

15

Scheduling

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Selection of users that the different parts of the shared resources should be assigned to in each time instant Controls user data rate In LTE: time and frequency domain
Zagreb, March 2012.

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

16

Time & Frequency Domains

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Time and frequnecy structure of LTE downlink and uplink - FIXME

Kela et al., Dynamic Packet Scheduling Performace in UTRA Long Term Evolution Downlink, ISWPC 2008, pp. 308-313.

Downlink:

OFDMA Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) Basic scheduling unit: 2 Resource Blocks (RB)
1

RB: 180 kHz, 0.5 ms

Zagreb, March 2012.
17

Basic Scheduling Strategies

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Maximum rate (max C/I) Round robin Proportional fair (PF)

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld,4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

18

Literature on Scheduling
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Piro et al.,Two-Level Downlink Scheduling for Real-Time Multimedia Services in LTE Networks, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol.13, no. 5, October 2011.

Zagreb, March 2012.

19

QoS Oriented Time and Frequency Domain Schedulers (Monghal et al., 2008)
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Time domain: limits the number of scheduled users, thus controlling signalling overhead Frequency domain: complexity depends on number of users Simple admission control included
Blocks

new users when number of users in the cell is equal to a predefined limit

Zagreb, March 2012.

20

Frame Level Scheduler (G. Piro et al., 2011)

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Two level scheduler

Upper

level: determines how much data should be transmitted by each data source to meet QoS constraints Lower level: determines how it will be transmitted, i.e., allocates RBs in each TTI by using the PF algorithm

Best effort services packets put in a separted queue, scheduled if there are free RBs

Zagreb, March 2012.

21

Mapping Between Layers

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Ramli et al., Performance of Well Known Packet Scheduling Algorithms in the Downlink 3GPP LTE System, Proc. of the IEEE 9th Malaysia Intl. Conf. On Communications, pp. 815-820, December 2009.

Zagreb, March 2012.

22

LTE-Sim
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Developed by G. Piro et al. from Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy, released under GPLv3 license Simulates LTE downlink and uplink
Considers

both the E-UTRAN and the EPS, multicell simulation, user mobility, handover, radio resource optimization, frequency reuse, adaptive modulation and coding infinite buffer, trace based, constant bit rate

Several traffic generators at the application layer

VoIP,

No full PHY simulation, analytical model used Only UDP and unacknowledged mode supported
Zagreb, March 2012.
23

LTE-Sim
Zavod za telekomunikacije

Example output trace

Zagreb, March 2012.

24

Scheduling With MDP how to?

Zavod za telekomunikacije

Hot to put it all together?

Low

level factors: SINR, AMC Medium level factors: buffer status, different traffic source types High level: QoE, MDP

When to react on changes (i.e., to switch MDP configuration) ?

How

to distinguish short term quality variations from the long term ones?

Zagreb, March 2012.

25