PARMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BY TAGUCHI APPROACH USING JATROPHA BIODIESEL

Prepared By MODI MAULIK A. (1214MEMETH30007) Mechanical Engineering Department (ME-Thermal) KSV University Guided By Prof. Tushar M. Patel

Contents
Introduction Problem Definition Objectives Literature Review Concluding Remarks Scope of Work Methodology Work Plan References

Introduction.

In present position of the world, energy crisis due to fast depletion of fossil fuel is main problem. Increase in fuel price day

by day, continuously growth of automobile industry, rapid growth in

individual mobility and improved living standard, continuous accumulation of greenhouse gases are the main causes for development of alternative fuels. Researchers are continuously finding best alternative solution, which gives the best performance

and fuel characteristics.

Most of alternative fuels used today are biodiesel or bio ethanol

which can be used in existing engines. The primary advantage of

this kind of fuel is that they are renewable and eco-friendly. The various techniques for admission of fuel and mixing of alternate

fuel with diesel are required. Recently in this field, the research
work is going on to increase maximum portion of alternate fuel in blend with diesel. With the use of alternate fuels, main issue is

modification required in IC engines. In order to reduce cost of

modification some optimization techniques must be applied. So that efficiency and performance may not be reduced.

se of non linear techniques like Design of Experiments (DOE),

fuzzy logic and neural network are suitable to explore the

combined effects of input parameters. The optimum operating

parameters can be determined using experimental techniques but

experimental procedure will be time consuming and expensive when the number of parameters are in the order of 20, 30 etc.,

like in the case of IC engines. In such situations mathematical

modelling will be a very useful tool for optimizing the parameters. Such tool is Design of Experiment. the study on

combined effects between input system parameters such as

injection pressure, load, blend proportion on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine was scarce and offered a scope for this study.

Jatropha Oil

Jatropha oil has golden yellow color and is prepared from the seeds

of Jatropha curcas. These seeds are black in colour and oval in

shape.

Jatropha oil is used as an alternative to diesel. This oil is chosen

because of its properties similar to that of diesel and mixing with

the petroleum diesel would be really easy. Due to higher cetane number and lubricating properties, this fuel gives good

performance with any diesel engine .While analyzing the emissions

in Jatropha oil and comparing with that of diesel, all the components in the emission got reduced drastically except NOx.

Properties of Jatropha Oil & Diesel

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Properties Colour Specific Gravity at 30 C Gross Calorific Value (MJ/kg) Kinematic Viscosity, CSt @ 40C Cetane number JATROPHA OIL Golden Yellow 0.879 39.5 4.20 57-62 DIESEL Orange 0.84 to 0.88 46 2.0 55

7
8

Boiling point C
Solidifying point C

286
-10

248
-14

Taguchi Method
Taguchi method is a simplest method of optimizing experimental

parameters in less number of trials. The number of parameters

involved in the experiment determines the number of trials required for the experiment. More number of parameters led to more number

of trials and consumes more time to complete the experiment.

Hence, a method called Taguchi was tried in the experiment to optimize the levels of the parameter involved in the experiment.

This method uses an orthogonal array to study the entire parameter

space with only a small number of experiments.

Cont...

Taguchi method uses a parameter

called signal to noise ratio (S/N) for measuring the quality characteristics. There are three kinds of signal to noise ratios are in practice. Of which, the lower-the-better S/N ratio was used in this experiment because this optimization is based on lower SFC.
Flow chart of the Taguchi method

Problem Definition

The AIM of this experiment is to optimize parameter which gives

maximum performance for mechanical efficiency and brake

thermal efficiency and reduction in Specific Fuel Consumption. For achieving result, there is required number of experiments which

gives results in the form of set of parameter. This set of parameter

give different performance with reduction in different fuel consumption. From this sets of parameters, there must be choose

set of parameters.

Parameter Directly/Indirectly affected on the Performance of Engine

Compression Ratio Engine Speed Engine Load Inlet Air Temperature Injection Pressure Delay Period Injection Advance Angle Fuel Temperature Type of Combustion Chamber Types of Nozzle

Objectives

To meet the Project objective Taguchi method of Optimization is

used and the effects of parameters i.e. Injection pressure, Blend

Proportion, Compression Ratio & Engine Load are taken as variable for optimization. As the experiment required

simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels

and find optimum set of data for reducing the Break Specific Fuel Consumption and Emission of Engine.

Literature Review
1) M Nataraj, V P Arunachalam & N Dhandapani [June2005]
Optimizing diesel engine parameter for low emission using Taguchi method:variation risk analysis-Part I- from this observed that Taguchi method was found to be an efficient technique for quantifying the effect of six engine design and operating parameters on exhaust emissions. at 40% Max. Work & 80% Max. Work CO,HC and smoke emission was mostly affected by injection control pressure, start of injection timing, nozzle spray

holes, piston to head clearance. CO,HC and smoke emission results obtained
from the confirmation experiments using the optimum parameter combination showed excellent agreement with the predicted results.

2) R.Prakash, R. K.Singh, and S.Murugan [December2011]

"Experimental Studies on a Diesel Engine Fueled with Wood Pyrolysis Oil Diesel Emulsions - from this observed that the combustion duration decreases with DEE addition. Percentage increase in the brake thermal efficiency was 6.34, 9.5 and 9.3 for WPO diesel emulsion, WPO diesel emulsions with 2% and 4% DEE respectively, which is higher than diesel fuel operation. The exhaust gas temperatures of different WPO diesel emulsions are lower than diesel fuel operation. the percentage reduction in NO emissions was 19.21, 28.38 and 34.81 for WPO diesel emulsion, WPO diesel emulsions with 2% and 4% DEE respectively. The CO emissions of WPO-diesel emulsions are slightly higher than diesel fuel due to reduction in gas temperature. The hydrocarbon emissions increases by 14.28% and 7.14% for WPO diesel emulsion and with 2% DEE addition whereas, HC emissions decreases by 28.57% for WPO diesel emulsions with 4% DEE addition. WPO can be used in the diesel engines in the form of fuel emulsions along with some ignition improver addition.

3) N. Balajiganesh & B.Chandra Mohan Reddy[2011]

" Optimization of C.I Engine Parameters Using Artificial Neural- from this observed that a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Compressed Ignition Engine was operated successfully using the sunflower oil and diesel blends as fuel. The following conclusions are made based on the experimental and trained results. The Specific fuel Consumption for Blend20 is less when compared to diesel and all other blends over the entire load range for experimental results. Where as for Trained Results Specific fuel consumption for the blends 20 and 30 are low when compared to all other blends and diesel over the entire load range.The efficiencies such as Brake Thermal Efficiency, Indicated Thermal Efficiency and Mechanical Efficiency values for blend 20% is more than dieseland other blends over the entire load range. Where as for Trained Results the efficiencies values for blend 20% and 30% is more than diesel and other blends over the entire load range. The Volumetric Efficiency for diesel is more thanall the blends over the entire load range in both experimental and trained results. The Maximum value of error between experimental and theoretical values is 0.084757 and the Minimum value of error between experimental and theoretical values is -1.67E-11

4) Anant Bhaskar Garg, Parag Diwan, Mukesh Saxena [May2012]

"Artificial Neural Networks based Methodologies for Optimization of Engine Operations - from this observed that ANNs are suited for formulating objective functions, evaluating the specified engine performance indices with respect to the controllable engine variables and thus deriving the engine calibration correlations. They are computationally efficient for optimization requiring hundreds of function evaluations. Neural network

requires better understanding of system dynamics or data capture for better

results. Neural networks architectures, combinations of networks, and different algorithms play an important role on the performance. Real-time operation and mapping of complex, non-linear and dynamic patterns in engine operations are challenges to be met in to-days engine development. There is a need to use ANN as a performance critical tool that saves cost and time in developing new models and methodologies for overall engine management.

4) Anant Bhaskar Garg, Parag Diwan, Mukesh Saxena [May2012]

"Artificial Neural Networks based Methodologies for Optimization of Engine Operations - from this observed that ANNs are suited for formulating objective functions, evaluating the specified engine performance indices with respect to the controllable engine variables and thus deriving the engine calibration correlations. They are computationally efficient for optimization requiring hundreds of function evaluations. Neural network

requires better understanding of system dynamics or data capture for better

results. Neural networks architectures, combinations of networks, and different algorithms play an important role on the performance. Real-time operation and mapping of complex, non-linear and dynamic patterns in engine operations are challenges to be met in to-days engine development. There is a need to use ANN as a performance critical tool that saves cost and time in developing new models and methodologies for overall engine management.

5) K. Sivaramakrishnan1 and P. Ravikumar2 [April2012]

"PERFORMANCE ENGINE USING OPTIMIZATION TAGUCHI OF KARANJA AND BIODIESEL MULTIPLE APPROACH

REGRESSIONS- from this observed that The Taguchis approach analysis

has been carried out for optimizing the performance of karanja biodiesel engine. The various input parameters have been optimized using SNR. Based on this study, it can be concluded that BTHE, BSFC and Emissions of diesel engine depend upon biodiesel blend, compression ratio, nozzle pressure and injection timing. The results of this study revealed that almost identical combinations of engine parameters give optimum multiple

performances for engine. It was found that a diesel engine operating at a

high compression ratio -17.9, high pressure 230 bar, Injection timing of 27 bTDC, Biodiesel -diesel blend B30. And Brake power-3.64 Kw achieves the optimum engine performance. The results are well supported by the findings

of our confirmatory test..

6) P.Suresh Kumar, Ramesh Kumar Donga,P.K.Sahoo[August2012]

"EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OF JATROPHA BIODIESEL AND DIESEL UNDER VARYING INJECTION PRESSURES- from this observed that Brake thermal efficiency improves as the fuel injection

pressure is increased for the JSVO at full load. AS the fuel injection pressure increases the brake thermal efficiency decreases for diesel at full load. In case of JSVO, CO emissions starts increasing as the angle further increased

to 25 BTDC The CO2 emission of JSVO increases gradually as the advance

angle of fuel injection is increased up to 23 BTDC The NOX emission is decreasing in the case of JSVO with increase in advance angle fuel injection

up to the angle of 23 BTDC at all load conditions but the NOX emission
starts increasing as the angle is further increased to 25 BTDC

7) Mukesh kumar Bunkar, Nitin Shrivastava, Vipin Shrivastava [August2012] - " Experimental Investigation of Performance Parameter of
Diesel Engine Operating On Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) - from this observed that the performance of MTBE blended diesel fuel are evaluated for signal cylinder direct injection diesel engine. It is concluded that the brake thermal efficiency of MTBE blends are is decreased by varying load and brake specific energy consumption of diesel engine are increased as the blends are increased in diesel.

8) D.Appanna , G.Venkateswara Rao, G. Vijaya rao[Jan2013]

"Experimental Investigations on diesel engine using Neem oil methyl ester - from this observed that Neem Oil Methyl ester blend N20 shows the better performance compared to other blends (N10and N30) in the sense of better performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and decrease emission parameters like oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide and increased carbon dioxide. Hence due to the better performance N20 is taken as optimum blend and can be used as substitute for

diesel.

8) D.Appanna , G.Venkateswara Rao, G. Vijaya rao[Jan2013]

"Experimental Investigations on diesel engine using Neem oil methyl ester - from this observed that Neem Oil Methyl ester blend N20 shows the better performance compared to other blends (N10and N30) in the sense of better performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and decrease emission parameters like oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide and increased carbon dioxide. Hence due to the better performance N20 is taken as optimum blend and can be used as substitute for

diesel.

9) Hifjur Raheman*, Prakash C Jena and Snehal S Jadav, [2013]

" Performance of a diesel engine with blends of biodiesel (from a mixture of oils) and high-speed diesel- from this observed that The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained from the mixture, MSO, were found to be within the limit specified by the biodiesel standards ASTM D 6751 03, DIN EN 14214, and BIS 15607. The fuel properties of biodiesel blends approached those of HSD with a decrease in concentration of biodiesel in the blends. BSFC and EGT of the 10.3-kW diesel engine when operated with biodiesel blends as compared with HSD at different engine loads were found to increase by 2.49% to 5.62% and 4.44% to 5.2%, respectively, whereas BTE was found to decrease by 1.48% to 3.22% with an increase in biodiesel concentration in the fuel blends. Among the two fuel blends tested, B10 had lower mean BSFC (287.29 g/kW h) as well as EGT (308C) and a higher mean BTE (21.87%). With an increase in engine load, the BSFC decreased, whereas both EGT and BTE increased for all the fuels tested. However, BTE for all biodiesel blends as compared with HSD was reduced on average by 2.09% at full load, and it was further reduced to 3.41% at 20% engine loading due to higher losses.

Cont...

The CO and HC emissions of the diesel engine when operated with biodiesel blends as compared with HSD were reduced by 10.97% to 21.16% and 38.76% to 47.6%, whereas NOx emissions increased by 5.57% to 11.45%. Based on the performance (minimum increase in BSFC and EGT and with lesser reduction in BTE) and emissions (minimum reduction in CO and HC and minimum increase in NOx), biodiesel blend B10 was selected for longterm use in diesel engine. Lower concentrations of all heavy metals (such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Mg, and Al, except for Mn and Ni) in the lubricating oil of diesel engine were found inB10- fueled engine as compared with those in HSD-fueled engine. This could be due to the lesser friction of engine components because of additional lubricity and higher viscosity of the B10 blend as compared with HSD.

10) Prasad.D , G.Venkateswara Rao , Kiran Kumar. K [Jan2013]

" Experimental Investigations on four stroke diesel Engine by Using Mahua Oil Methyl ester as a Biodiesel - from this observed that Mahua Oil Methyl ester blend M30 shows the better performance compared to other blends (M10 & M20) in the sense of better performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and decrease emission parameters like oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide and increased carbon dioxide. Hence due to the better performance M30 is taken as

optimum blend and can be used as substitute for diesel.

11) Maharaja Gasti , M. C. Navindgi [Jan2013]

" Comparative Experimental Investigation Of Performance And Combustion Characteristics In A Single Cylinder Thermal Barrier Coated Diesel Engine Using Diesel And Castor Biodiesel - from this observed that that 20% blend of castor biodiesel in diesel fuel has almost same mechanical efficiency, same specific fuel consumption and same indicated thermal efficiency and also see that there is slight increase in brake thermal efficiency which is a positive sign with this blend. In case of peak pressure we can see that there is almost same pressure as that of diesel fuel. So we can conclude that without any modification in engine we can save diesel fuel for certain extent without any compromise with standard performance and combustion characteristics and in future castor biodiesel can be a best alternative fuel which can replace the diesel..

Cont...
There is increase in parameters like brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency and brake mean effective pressure and there is decrease in specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency and fuel consumption which can be observed in comparative graph. There is also increase in peak pressure which higher than that of biodiesel with normal engine. We can conclude that the C20 with LHR shows same graphs as compared to D100 this blend is best suitable for an engine.

Concluding Remarks

After observing literature review concluded that, now the growth of population is

increasing day by day and the demand of energy and petroleum product is also
increasing day by day, we have limited amount of petroleum product so for getting energy and petroleum product, have to find out the other option like alternative fuel that can be used and get energy from it. So researcher are trying to to find out the best alternative fuel for usage. Diesel Engine is developed For diesel as a fuel. When trying to find out to get higher performance from that engine must have to do modification on engine. When used alternative fuel as a blend with diesel than there must have to do optimization of parameter which one directly or indirectly effect on the performance of the engine. And from above survey researcher were taken various alternative fuel as a blend and optimize the parameter which affect on the performance of the engine and done optomization of that parameter by different method of optimization.

Scope of Work
In this experiment parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel

engine for jatropha biodiesel it is required number of experiment

and makes work time consuming and protracted. This method minimizes the effect of control factor which will not optimize in the

testing. Hence Taguchi method will be used to optimize diesel

engine control parameter for jatropha oil. And performance comparison between diesel and biodiesel.

Methodology

first of all experimental set up is developed to close the objective and it contains single cylinder diesel engine.

Take the Measurement using diesel fuel at different load condition and measure the exhaust emission of same load.

Parameter which are taken for the optimization. Compression Ratio. Engine Load. Injection Pressure.

Blend percentage.
Take the Measurement using bio-diesel fuel at different load condition and measure the exhaust emission of same load.

Cont...

Compare the performance of engine while using diesel and diesel blend as a fuel.

Parametric optimization by Taguchi Approach. Comparison and analysis of performance by taguchi approach and experimental observation.

Result and conclusion.

Methodology
first of all experimental set up is developed to close the objective and it contains single cylinder diesel engine. Take the Measurement using diesel fuel at different load condition and measure the exhaust emission of same load. Parameter which are taken for the optimization. Compression Ratio. Engine Load. Injection Pressure.

Blend percentage.
Take the Measurement using bio-diesel fuel at different load condition and measure the exhaust emission of same load.

Work Plan
Monthly activity July 2013 Aug 2013 Sept 2013 Oct 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2013 Jan 2014 Feb 2014 Mar 2014 Apr 2014 May 2014 June 2014

Topic Selection

Problem Definition Literature survey

Selection of Parameter

Experiment with Diesel Experiment with Biodiesel Parametric Optimization Result and Discussion

Thesis Writing

Submission & Defense

References
1) M Nataraj, V P Arunachalam & N Dhandapani [June2005] - Optimizing diesel engine parameter for low emission using Taguchi method:variation risk analysis-Part I- Indian Journal of Engineering & Material Sciences. Vol.12,PP. 169-181. 2) R.Prakash, R. K.Singh, and S.Murugan [December2011]-"Experimental Studies on a Diesel Engine Fueled with Wood Pyrolysis Oil Diesel Emulsions - International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 6,PP. 395-399.

3) N. Balajiganesh & B.Chandra Mohan Reddy [2011]-"Optimization of C.I Engine Parameters Using Artificial Neural - International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (IJMIE),, Vol. 1, No. 2,PP. 76-82
4) Anant Bhaskar Garg, Parag Diwan, Mukesh Saxena [May2012]

"Artificial Neural Networks based Methodologies for Optimization of Engine Operations - International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 5

Cont...
5)K. Sivaramakrishnan1 & P. Ravikumar2 [April2012] "PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF KARANJA BIODIESEL ENGINE USING TAGUCHI APPROACH AND MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS- - ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol.7.No.4,PP. 506-516. 6)P.Suresh Kumar, Ramesh Kumar Donga,P.K.Sahoo[August2012] "EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OF JATROPHA BIODIESEL AND DIESEL UNDER VARYING INJECTION PRESSURES- International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies. VOL. 3, Issue1,PP.98-112. 7)Mukesh kumar Bunkar, Nitin Shrivastava, Vipin Shrivastava ,[January2013] "Experimental Investigation of Performance Parameter of Diesel Engine Operating On Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) - International Journal of Modern Engineering Research VOL.2, Issue5,PP.3527-3529. 8)D.Appanna, G.Venkateswara Rao, G. Vijaya rao Donga,[January2013] "Experimental Investigations on diesel engine using Neem oil methyl ester International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development VOL.1, Issue3,PP.604-612

Cont...
9)Hifjur Raheman, Prakash C Jena and Snehal S Jadav G.[2013] " Performance of a diesel engine with blends of biodiesel (from a mixture of oils) and high-speed diesel - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering ,PP.1-9 10)Prasad.D , G.Venkateswara Rao, Kiran Kumar. K [Jan-2013]" Experimental Investigations on four stroke diesel Engine by Using Mahua Oil Methyl ester as a Biodiesel - International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development . VOL. 1, Issue3PP.624-631. 11)Maharaja Gasti 2 M. C. Navindgi [July-2013]" Comparative Experimental Investigation Of Performance And Combustion Characteristics In A Single Cylinder Thermal Barrier Coated Diesel Engine Using Diesel And Castor Biodiesel - International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. VOL.2, Issue7, PP.503-511.

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