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ULFAT

PROPERTIES OF DENTAL

MATERIALS
By

DR. YAWAR HAYAT KHAN

BDS (Pb), M.Sc. (London)

Assistant Professor/Head of Department (Dental Materials)

ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE (DENTAL SECTION)

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ULFAT

STRUCTURE OF DENTAL MATERIALS

The fundamental structure of dental
materials has to be understood to understand the properties of dental materials Structure of dental materials is based on 1. Arrangement of matter 2. Surface properties of matter YAWAR

1. ARRANGEMENT OF MATTER
MATTER
A. MICROSCOPIC B. MACROSCOPIC

PRIMARY FORCES

SECONDARY FORCES

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

COLLOID

IONIC

VAN DER WALLS

SOLIDIFICATION
COVELANT

CONDENSATION

SUBLIMATION
METALLIC

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A. MICROSCOPIC ARRANGEMENT

At microscopic level, matter is made up of atoms

These atoms have specific arrangements which varies for solids, liquids & gases

Atoms are held together by means of binding forces The bonding forces may be primary or secondary Primary They hold the atoms by cohesive forces Chemical in nature Three types: ionic, covalent & metallic

Secondary Van der walls forces They are secondary physical forces Form weaker bonds than primary bonds YAWAR

B. MACROSCOPIC ARRANGEMENT
At macroscopic level, matter exists in one of the

following forms depending on the distribution of

atoms
Solids Liquids Gases Colloids Others

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 Solids
Definite molecular strucuture High attraction forces & kinetic energy, e.g., metals High resistance to deformation Some solids are SEMI-RIGID LIQUIDS or SUPER-COOLED LIQUIDS called as AMORPHOUS SOLIDS e.g., glasses Atoms can be arranged in either crystalline structure or noncrystalline structure Crystalline structures have definite shapes, e.g., cubic, hexagonal & monoclinic (gypsum products)

Non-crystalline structures have no definite shapes and on heating they

soften to liquids, e.g., dental impression compound, fused porcelain & glasses
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 Liquids Lesser degree of arrangement than solids Greater mobility of atoms Gases

They lack even lesser arrangement of atoms in liquids

By the process of condensation, gases can form liquids

Colloids
Described by Thomas Grahm in 1896 Greek word Kolla (Glue), Iode (like) Basic requirement is particle size should be 1-500 nm Exists in two phases: dispersed phase & dispersion medium Most commonly used materials in dentistry hydrocolloids, e.g., alginates & agar agar
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 Other types Allotropic forms For example oxygen (O2) and Ozone (O3) are the allotropic forms of same element

oxygen
Polymorphic forms For example silica (SiO2), exits in four different forms
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2. SURFACE PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Interaction & exchange between phases
Adsorption Absorption

Sorption
Cohesion Adhesion Surface wettability Diffusion
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Adsorption
When dissimilar materials are in intimate contact with each other there is a surface action

There is no penetration of material from one surface into

the other

Absorption
Substance particle usually penetrate the surface of the

solid surface
A combination of adsorption & diffusion occurs E.g., hydrocollids absorbYAWAR water (imbibition)

Sorption
When both adsorption and absorption coexist it is called sorption For example in denture base resins a layer of saliva

is present in close contact (adsorption)

Due to sorption property some water is also absorbed into the resin

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Cohesion
Occurs between two like particles For example particles of saliva present beneath the denture base

Adhesion
Occurs between two unlike substances For example, saliva in denture base resin Adhesive material used to produce adhesion Adherened substance to which adhesive is applied
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Surface Wettability
The ability of adhesive to wet the surface of adherend Measured by contact angle on the surface Greater contract angle poor wetting Lower contact angle partial wetting Zero contact angle complete wetting

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Diffusion
Diffusion of a solvent occurs from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a membrane In dentistry, diffusion occurs when from one

material of a given concentration diffuses into

another of a different concentration Diffusion into dentine occurs by this process

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T
To be continued .
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