Solid State Lighting: A Bright Opportunity for Nanotechnology to Impact Energy Efficiency

Paul E. Burrows

Clique para adicionar texto

National Science Foundation Joint U.S. Korea NanoForum April 26th 2007

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA 99352

Items for Discussion

Solid state lighting as a high payoff research area in energy efficiency

The Department of Energys Basic Research Needs Report in Solid State Lighting
The role of nanoscience in optimizing next generation solid state lighting

Artificial lighting was among the first inventions of mankind

The First Invention

WARMTH COOKING LIGHT

Each subsequent improvement in lighting led to major lifestyle improvements

and improvements in the energy efficiency of the light

Candle: 0.05 lumens per watt

Gaslamp: 0.5 lumens per watt

Incandescent Lightbulb 15 lumens per watt (5% efficient)

Why does lighting impact energy conservation?

Lighting consumes 22% of the electricity generated in the U.S.A. Thats 8% of the total energy consumption Costs $50 billion per year Releases 150 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere each year Much of it is 19th century technology with poor efficiency

We should be able to do better

Lighting is a highly attractive target for reducing energy consumption!
1000 Energy Consumption (Quads)

Efficiencies of energy technologies in buildings:

Heating: Elect. motors: Fluorescent: Incandescent: 70 - 80% 85 - 95% 20% 5%

100 Energy

94 Quads 34 Quads

Electricity
10 Lighting
1998 6.9 Quads

Projected U.S. 2010 2020

1 1970 1980

1990 2000 Year

Basic Research Needs for Solid State Lighting

May 22-24, 2006
Workshop Chairs: Julia Phillips (Sandia National Labs) Paul Burrows (Pacific Northwest National Lab)
Science Panel Chairs: LED: Jerry Simmons (SNL) Bob Davis (Carnegie Mellon U) OLED: Franky So (U of Florida) George Malliaras (Cornell) Cross-Cutting: Jim Misewich (BNL) Arto Nurmikko (Brown U) Darryl Smith (LANL) Total 79 participants

Charge: identify transformational science Output: www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html

33% DOE Natl Labs 20% Federal

33% Universities

14% Industry & others

Workshop Output

12 Priority Research Directions (PRDs), each specific to an individual panel 2 Grand Challenges (GCs) which overarch all panels

OLED Science
LED Science

Cross-cutting Science

www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html

GRAND CHALLENGE 1: Rational design of solid-state lighting structures Today, light-emitting solid state materials are discovered rather than designed. The CHALLENGE: Can we design optimized device components that assemble into a high efficiency charge-tolight conversion system?

GRAND CHALLENGE 2: Control of radiative and

nonradiative processes in light-emitting materials Light-emitting efficiency is determined by competition between radiative and non-radiative processes.

The CHALLENGE: Can we understand and control the physics of photon generation and emission?

10

Inorganic solid state lighting

Composition and nanostructure determine color
Postively charged carriers Semiconductor Bandgap Determines Color

Colored LEDs: Red, Yellow - AlInGaP Blue, Green InGaN White LEDs: Red + Green + Blue, or Blue + phosphor

Negatively charged carriers

- With applied voltage positive and negative charge carriers recombine - Energy may be released as light or heat - Theoretically they can be 100% efficient with unlimited life! (compared to incandescent which is 5% efficient, 2000 hour life) - Commercial LEDs can be expected to reach 50% efficiency and possibly more

Buckingham Palace, London, England Lit by Lumileds LEDs

Courtesy George Craford, Philips Lumileds

11

Molecular Light Emitting Materials: Molecular Structure Determines Color

Phosphorescent

Blue
Fluorescent Polymeric

Green

Red

Weakly interacting molecules mean the photophysics of a film is controlled by the molecular structure of the fundamental building block

Research-Scale Organic Lightbulbs

General Electric: 2 ft OLED panel

Universal Display Corporation

Note the lack of a luminaire,- these are large area, low intensity emitters)

Efficiency performance of OLED

Showa Denko K.K.:single layer phosphorescent polymer OLEDs external quantum efficiency of 17% (green) and 16% (blue) with durability of 350,000 hours at 100 cd/m2. They will build a trial volumeproduction line by the middle of this year.

Novaled UDC

Novaled claims "groundbreaking" results with its p-i-n OLED technology.. White top emission devices achieved a lifetime of 18,000 hours at 3 V and 1,000 cd/m2. Green topemission OLEDs achieve 1,000 cd/m2 at 2.5 V and 95 cd/A (about 110 lm/W) These green devices are based on Ir(ppy)3. Osram

Konica-Minolta

Universal Display Corporation achieved 30 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2 (warm white).

Osram: 25 lm/W white polymer devices Konica Minolta 60 lm/W, details unclear

14

The problem of efficient white electrophosphorescence

Exciton levels must be even higher than blue S1 T1 > 2.9 eV Triplet Excitons

ENERGY

What is this molecule?

phosphorescence

Ground state
CHARGE TRANSPORTING HOST MOLECULES PHOSPHORESCENT DOPANTS

The problem of efficient white electrophosphorescence

Exciton levels must be even higher than blue S1 Triplet Excitons

T1

ENERGY

phosphorescence

Ground state
CHARGE TRANSPORTING MOLECULES PHOSPHORESCENT DOPANT

Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Chromophores with Interesting Triplet Exciton Energies All too volatile and do not form stable films!
2.55 eV 3.08 eV

TOO LOW

2.64 eV 2.81 eV 3.12 eV

2.84 eV

3.04 eV

2.92 eV

Can we use these as building blocks?

Phosphine Oxide (PO) Compounds

Linda Sapochak, Paul Burrows, Asanga Padmaperuma and Paul Vecchi
inductive effect of P=O renders aryl groups electron deficient

O
P

+
P

Active B r id g e

Outer groups enhance thermal properties

High triplet energy small molecule fragment

Phosphine oxide point of saturation to isolate photophysics on bridge

18

Phosphorescence of phosphine oxides compared to brominated bridges

Normalized Emission
1.2
PO1 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl

(77K in DCM)
1.2
PO10 3,6-dibromocarbazole

0.8

Normalized Emission

Triplet Energy 2.72 eV

0.8

0.4

PO1

0.4

0.0 350

400

450

500

550

600

Wavelength (nm)
PO2 1-bromonaphthalene

0.0

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 Wavelength (nm)

Normalized Emission

1.2

0.8

0.4

0.0 400

450 500 550 Wavelength (nm)

600

Ultraviolet Emission from PO1 OLEDs

?? ! eV
1.2

Normalized EL intensity

3.6 eV

LiF/Al
0.8
PO1(250A) PO1(400A) PO1(600A) PO1(800A)

PO1

CuPc 5.3 eV

UV Light ITO ~4.7eV

338 nm

0.4

?? ! eV
Device Geometry PO1 thickness () Operating Voltage (V) at 13 mA/cm2 3.1 4.3 5.3 7.6

0.0 300

400
(nm)

500

600

External QE (%)

CuPc/PO1

270 430 540 810

0.008 0.032 0.044 0.016

LiF/Al PO1 NPD ITO LiF/Al Alq3 PO1 ITO

NPD emission

No light

Summary
New lighting technology is low-hanging fruit in the drive for energy efficiency Increase efficiency by 10X Extrapolations of current technologies will not meet this goal

Old technologies; fundamental limits

Solid-state lighting can transform the way we light the world Success requires:

Fundamental understanding to optimize

current SSL approaches

Discovery research to reveal the basis

for breakthrough efficiencies

www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html

SSL research will also drive discoveries in photon-matter interactions, new materials/structures, and new tools/methods

21